Media And Terrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media And Terrorism - Research Paper Example Pandalai and Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses (2013) argue that several characteristics make the media to be well suited for terrorist and terrorist activities. One important characteristic that is important for terrorism as related to the media is that it sets the agenda in that the more attention one pays to a certain activity like terror attacks, the more importance and attention the public pays attention to it. Moreover, the way a news item is offered or outlined determines how it will be explained or understood by the target audience or population. It is a matter of fact that terrorists and their terror activities would want to be in the media most probably in a positive way to be seen as fighting for a political, ideological or political cause. The media becomes an important tool for setting and framing this agenda as wanted by the terrorist.  Terrorists adopt the use of the media to set and propagate some of their objectives of terrorism, Whitehead (2013) argues th at terrorists may use the media for purposes of seeking attention, recognition, and legitimacy, which can be achieved through the psychological interaction between them and the media to demoralize enemies. In order to achieve this, terrorists try to gain the attention of the audience to condition their thinking thus creating fear; afterward, they seek for recognition of their motives in order to gain sympathy and respect before using the media to gain quasi-legitimate status to be recognized as important political players. Terrorists participate at several levels in the media either when the media reports a terror attack, when terrorists send their messages through the media or when they have a full control of the media outlet. In the first case, the terrorists carry out an attack and wait to see how the media carries out the story or report it, while the second scenario occurs when those involved in the terror activity send their message to the media after framing their message.

Altruism among humans Essay Example for Free

Altruism among humans Essay This paper presents an examination of the phenomenon of altruism among humans. Altruism is defined as a behaviour that may be to ones advantage but is also to the advantage of others. The questions of why we behave this way or what motivates us to behave in this manner and the relevance to society today are the focus of this paper. Various research and theories has explained why altruistic behaviour is undertaken intentionally in the human world. Introduction We often read or hear about acts of generosity and courage, such as, fund raisers or concerts to  help homeless people, the fostering of a child and sponsoring his or her education, or of volunteers risking their lives to help victims in incidents like September 11 terrorist attack in the United States. We could have donated some money to orphanages or cared for a wounded dog. Such humane acts are defined by Psychologists as altruism (Moghaddam, 1998). Altruistic acts could be unselfish or done for personal gain or egoistic reasons. Indeed in a psychological paradigm, psychologists believe that true altruistic behaviour does not exist (Moghaddam, 1998). But how do we account for the behaviour of Mother Theresa or Mahatma Gandhi and many other unselfish acts of human endeavours? In order to explore this we have to understand the person variable and situational variable motivating the altruistic act (Simons, Kalichman Santrock, 1994). As we are aware behaviour is determined by personal and situational variables. A persons ability to empathise with the needy or to feel responsible for anothers welfare has great impact on altruistic behaviour. Situations influence the strength of the altruistic motivation. Reciprocity and exchange are important aspects of altruism (Simons, Kalichman Santrock, 1994). Humans give and receive from others everywhere. Reciprocity is the basic principle of every religion in the world for example, Judaism, Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism and Islam (Brosnahan, 2003). To act altruistically, requires consciousness and caring, and similarly, pet owners can often cite altruistic behaviour or at least conscious acts of kindness on the part of cats and dogs (Simons, Kalichman Santrock, 1994). Another good example would be the nursing,  profession founded on the notion of helping people, sometimes even at a cost to nurses themselves. There are many ways people show altruism. To explain why we do altruistic acts like volunteering, donating or raising funds, we need to distinguish between four different forms of altruism which are observed in humans that shown towards kin, a partner, a friend, and individual who does not fit into these categories (http://www. theunityofknowledge. org/the_evolution_of_altruism/introduction. htm, 2003) Of the several types of altruism a main focus has been on heroic altruism (Moghaddam, 1998). It is a short term intervention requiring physical action and tends to fit more the masculine gender. On the other hand Nurturant altruism requires more patience, listening and a caring attitude with long term involvement. This more closely fits the image of the traditional feminine gender (Moghaddam, 1998). The Bystander effect greatly influences helping behaviour, because of common ignorance of bystanders and assumptions about other bystanders actions. Each persons scope of responsibilities can decrease in the presence of others ( Moghaddam, 1998). In  order for Bystander to help he or she has to posses social skills to interpret the situation and take appropriate actions (Moghaddam, 1998). Initially from a theoretical perspective if a person knows how to overcome obstacles to he or she giving help, subsequently other people start questioning whether the helping behaviour was true altruism (Moghaddam, 1998). A later there was a theory of Daniel Batson empathy-altruism, believes that people help out of a genuine desire(Moghaddam, 1998). Other theories propose that altruistic behaviour is egoistic and put the hypothesis that helping behaviour is a way to  repair a helpers image (Moghaddam, 1998). Methodology An interview was conducted with a woman who volunteers her services with meals on wheels and has done nearly sixteen years. She is a retired school teacher living alone. I assumed that her altruistic behaviour had a self fulfilling motive. Therefore I chose her and I wanted to clarify or confirm my assumption. In order to facilitate my focus interviewee was given ten questions asking about her volunteering profile, and her motivating factors. This interview created awareness of other influencing factors motivating her altruistic behaviour.

Israeli Etgar Keret’s The Bus Driver Who Wanted to be God, and Iranian

Abstract Colonization most assuredly produced altered states of consciousness, in which the fundamental sense of â€Å"rightness† was understood to be subjective and culturally constructed, rather than naturally true. In conjunction with this realization came the idea that identity is not something personally owned, but rather, something inscribed upon a body or culture by an agent of power. In this case, identities were projected onto the natives by the imperialists. The colonial enterprise, particularly the European imperialist projects in the east, has forever changed concepts of identity, otherness, and power in both the Occident and the Orient. Both sides were indisputably and irrevocably altered; however, the effect upon native cultures (the colonized) was far greater than the effect on the imperial cultures (the colonizers). European colonizers were able to cherry-pick the greatest parts of â€Å"new† culture—their art, their music, their architecture, or their cuisine—and adopt or adapt it to modern imperial life. In many ways, the cultural practices and artifacts of a newly colonized civilization were treated like the natural resources (oil, silk, spice) the Europeans were there to gather: they mattered only in their usefulness to the empire. Unlike their imperial counterparts, however, the native peoples had no choice which customs and practices to adopt, and which to discard. The sheer military might and natur e of the colonial enterprise demanded that the colonized completely adapt to the social and cultural norms of the empire. In essence, then, the colonized were forced to lead a life of double consciousness, wherein they participated in customs and practices and obeyed laws and regulations in which they did ... ...periences with Western ideology, Etgar Keret and Marjane Satrapi offers methods for claiming identity that do not revolve around blind attempts to return to cultural roots. Works Cited Ghanem, Mary, and Jihad Makhoul. "Displaced Arab Families: Mothers' Voices on Living and Coping in Postwar Beirut." Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 5.3 (2009): 54-72. Web. 10 Dec 2009. Keret, Etgar. The Bus Driver Who Wanted to be God. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2001. Print. Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York: Random House, 1978. Print. Satrapi, Marjane. The Complete Persepolis. New York: Pantheon, 2003. Print. Troen, S. Ilan. "Frontier Myths and Their Applications in America and Israel: A Transnational Perspective." Journal of American History 86.3 (1999): 55 paragraphs. Web. 10 Dec 2009. . Israeli Etgar Keret’s The Bus Driver Who Wanted to be God, and Iranian Abstract Colonization most assuredly produced altered states of consciousness, in which the fundamental sense of â€Å"rightness† was understood to be subjective and culturally constructed, rather than naturally true. In conjunction with this realization came the idea that identity is not something personally owned, but rather, something inscribed upon a body or culture by an agent of power. In this case, identities were projected onto the natives by the imperialists. The colonial enterprise, particularly the European imperialist projects in the east, has forever changed concepts of identity, otherness, and power in both the Occident and the Orient. Both sides were indisputably and irrevocably altered; however, the effect upon native cultures (the colonized) was far greater than the effect on the imperial cultures (the colonizers). European colonizers were able to cherry-pick the greatest parts of â€Å"new† culture—their art, their music, their architecture, or their cuisine—and adopt or adapt it to modern imperial life. In many ways, the cultural practices and artifacts of a newly colonized civilization were treated like the natural resources (oil, silk, spice) the Europeans were there to gather: they mattered only in their usefulness to the empire. Unlike their imperial counterparts, however, the native peoples had no choice which customs and practices to adopt, and which to discard. The sheer military might and natur e of the colonial enterprise demanded that the colonized completely adapt to the social and cultural norms of the empire. In essence, then, the colonized were forced to lead a life of double consciousness, wherein they participated in customs and practices and obeyed laws and regulations in which they did ... ...periences with Western ideology, Etgar Keret and Marjane Satrapi offers methods for claiming identity that do not revolve around blind attempts to return to cultural roots. Works Cited Ghanem, Mary, and Jihad Makhoul. "Displaced Arab Families: Mothers' Voices on Living and Coping in Postwar Beirut." Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 5.3 (2009): 54-72. Web. 10 Dec 2009. Keret, Etgar. The Bus Driver Who Wanted to be God. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2001. Print. Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York: Random House, 1978. Print. Satrapi, Marjane. The Complete Persepolis. New York: Pantheon, 2003. Print. Troen, S. Ilan. "Frontier Myths and Their Applications in America and Israel: A Transnational Perspective." Journal of American History 86.3 (1999): 55 paragraphs. Web. 10 Dec 2009. .

Industrialization and Urbanization of Indian Society

In the recent years, the industrialization and urbanization of Indian society has led to an increase in the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere. Air pollution is defined as a mixture of solid particles and gases in the air which has harmful and poisonous effects. Various experiments and studies have shown that long term exposure to such air pollution can lead to serious health issues such as: aggravated cardiovascular and respiratory illness, accelerated aging of lungs, diseases like asthma, bronchitis, cancer and a shortened life span. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), over 12 million people die from environmental health risks annually. Air pollution has become the 4th highest risk factor for premature deaths.Such degradation in the air quality levels has made air pollution a serious threat at a global level, especially for the developing countries, towards the sustainability of mankind. This has grabbed the attention of public as well as the government agencies. An air quality index (AQI) is a parameter used by the government agencies to communicate to the public how polluted the air quality currently is and how polluted it is forecast to become. As the AQI of a region increases, an increasingly large percentage of population of that area will experience adverse health effects.Several projects have been launched to combat air pollution in all major countries worldwide. For e.g.: 1): Hebei Air Pollution Prevention and Control Program (HAP- 2016:18) project in China to reduce the emissions of specific pollutants in Hebei; 2): The Odd-Even Scheme implemented by the Indian Government in national capital Delhi (2016). There are ceaseless fighting efforts for air pollution reduction all around the world. As an endeavor on the course of machine learning based air quality forecasting, this report presents an initiative and algorithmic details of various statistical models in solving this challenging problem. The Machine Learning models used in this paper, to facilitate the prediction of pollutant concentrations, include:Linear regressionLogistic RegressionPolynomial regressionRandom Forest ClassificationDecision Tree RegressionDecision Tree ClassificationSupport Vector regressionSupport Vector ClassificationKNN ClassificationWe target our air pollution forecast to the city of Delhi, India as it is at the forefront for battling against air pollution. We focus on predicting the Air Quality Index (AQI) level of Delhi, as it is a quantitative method to profile air pollution level. In order to reduce the pollution levels in Delhi, we will be analyzing 5 pollutants and 5 other environment parameters responsible for increase in AQI levels. The fixed station data is taken for 3 stations namely : NSIT (Dwarka), RK Puram and Shadipur . Objectives:Compare results of Air Quality Index (AQI) values obtained by different regression models and then propose the best model.Classify the dataset into 5 different AQI categories, and then use Classification models to forecast the pollution category for next month.Analyze the most prominent pollutant, using Back Propagation, responsible for air pollution and suggest methods to control it.The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section II describes related work, and Section III provides background on data sources, participatory sensing systems and details the 5 regression and 5 classification models used in this study. Section IV describes the steps in our model, while model implementation and estimation accuracy is studied in Section V. The paper concludes in Section VI.

Qualitatively Compare The Problem Solving Behavior Education Essay

The intent of this survey is to depict and to qualitatively compare the job work outing behaviour of immature schooled sellers in informal and formal scenes. Ten sellers were consistently selected from a purposive population of 25 sellers in two unfastened markets in Beirut. Sellers in the sample varied in schooling, age, and peddling experiences. Ethnographic instance survey was the general methodological attack for this survey. Four methods of roll uping informations were used: Participant observation, interviewing, aggregation of artefacts, and analysis of papers. Interviews ranged from informal conversations, to semi-structured interviews, to formal interviews Two hebdomads after the semi-structured interviews and based on minutess executed by the topics in the informal scene, a formal trial was administered. Items of the formal trial were presented as either calculation exercises or as word jobs. Upon completion of the formal trial, each topic was asked to explicate processs use d in job resolution. All interviews were taped and transcribed for analysis. The process used for informations analysis was analytic initiation which involved scanning the information for classs and for relationships among these classs. Upon comparing the job work outing behaviours of sellers across informal and formal scenes, two findings emerged. First, sellers employed computational schemes in the informal scene which are different from those used when work outing calculation exercisings in the formal scene. Second, the intuitive computational schemes that topics used in the informal scene were indistinguishable to those employed when work outing word jobs and were associated with a higher success rate than computational schemes used when work outing calculation exercisings in the formal scene. The consequences were discussed and interpreted utilizing Vergnaud ‘s theoretical account and knowledge in pattern theory. The consequences were similar to findings of a figure of re levant empirical research surveies. Deductions and recommendations for instruction were presented along with suggestions for farther research.ContextAccomplishment in schools has been diminishing steadily in many states. In peculiar, the U.S.A and some European states have shown in the last 30 old ages a diminution in school accomplishment in mathematics ( Millroy, 1992 ) . In Lebanon there is a concern about the detrimental effects of exam-driven direction and peculiarly that of mathematical job resolution ( Osta, 1997 ) . Failing every bit good as non being able to cover the disbursals are major causes of dropping out- of school. With no other beginning of support, pupils have to work to back up themselves and their households therefore work in what has been called the â€Å" informal sector of the economic system † . In his book, The Other Path, the Peruvian economic expert, Hernando de Soto, gives a absorbing history of how Peru ‘s informal economic system was created by illiterate provincials who were excluded from take parting in the formal economic system. He describes how the informals responded by making markets to back up themselves with merely limited resources. By forming themselves and voluntarily obeying their ain regulations and norms, they created a subculture that socially and economically outstanding. In most states where the phenomenon of informal economic system prevails, Street peddling is considered as one of the most popular professions that kids pattern. In many developed and developing states, the phenomenon of street peddling or market kids has been broad spreading. In this survey, we are chiefly interested in sing the instance of Lebanon and India. Street Children in India India is the 7th largest state in the universe with the largest population of street kids. They work as porters on coach and railroad Stationss, mechanics in car fix stores, sellers of tea, nutrient or handmade goods, seamsters, ragpickers who pick useable points from refuse. Harmonizing to the Civil Society forum study, it has a big and quickly turning population of 1.027 billion of which 40 % are under 18 ( 1/3 of the entire population are under age15 ) . In 2001, the rate of urbanisation was 28.77 % . The accelerated gait of industrialisation and urbanisation in the state has disrupted the household life and has compelled tribal and rural people to migrate to large metropoliss. Migration from rural to urban countries ( in hunt of employment ) has resulted in the rapid growing of the urban population and about 29 % of the entire population lives in urban countries. There are some negative effects of the urban roar. One of the negative effects is the being of a big proportion of the urban hapless life in slums and jhopad-patties or thatched huts ( Phillips, 1994 ) . An norm of 50 % of the urban population lives in conditions of utmost want – compounded by deficiency of entree to basic services, legal lodging and hapless urban administration. In add-on, Agrawal ( 1999 ) found that about 90 per centum of the employment in the state is in unorganised and informal sectors. Literacy degrees are still low. Handiness and installations for instruction and societal substructure is instead unequal to run into the demands of a turning population. â€Å" Even now 2.6 per centum of the kids in the urban countries and 3.5 per centum in rural countries have ne'er attended school † ( Agrawal, 1999, p.24 ) . As the consequence, the figure of street kids in India is swelling. Harmonizing to UNICEF ‘s appraisal, there are about 11 million street kids in India ( 1994 ) . These figures are considered to be conservative. An estimated 100,000-125,000 street kids live in Mumbai, Kolkata and Delhi, with 45,000 in Bangalore. Harmonizing to old surveies about street kids in India, bulk of the street kids who are of school-going age and even over school-going-age are kids who have ne'er been to schools. The increasing figure of street kids may hold an impact on India ‘s economic system. Arbind Singh, coordinator, National Alliance of Street Vendors of India, outlined the part of street sellers to the local economic system. Street Children in Lebanon After World War II and the creative activity of Israel province in 1948, 1000s of Palestinian refugees entered Lebanon, many settling in Beirut. Seventeen refugee cantonments are spread all over Lebanon, the most dumbly populated are those found in Beirut. In 1964 and late in 1994, the Lebanese authorities has passed two edicts which outlined the conditions of work for aliens populating in Lebanon. As alien refugees, the Palestinians are barred from working in over 70 professions. This deficiency of employment chance for the Palestinian refugees in Lebanon has created a annihilating economic status. ( O §U„U‚O §U† U?U†  O §U„U„O?U† O §U† US ) In 1978, and after the Israeli business to Southern Lebanon, many Lebanese fled to the capital Beirut and settled following to the Palestinian refugee cantonments. Through out the refugees ‘ cantonments, more than 60 % of both Lebanese and Palestinians live below the poorness line. Children suffer greatly- born into cantonments as refugees, they have lived no other manner. In many instances, neither have their parents. Life without equal schools, wellness attention, nutrition or shelter becomes the norm. Palestinian arabs can non fall in any professional associations- relegated to the unskilled and informal labor markets, they compete with 50,000 Egyptian and one million Syrian. In add-on to employment and belongings limitations, authorities bars them from inscribing their kids in Public schools. ) United Nations Human Rights System, 2002 ) For some clip, pedagogues who have studied school accomplishment in rural and urban communities have recognized that kids do good in their day-to-day life and so turn as successful citizens, in malice of their hapless public presentation in school mathematics ( D'ambrosio, 1992 ) . For illustration, Saxe ( 1988 ) showed that Brazilian confect Sellerss with small or no schooling, can develop in the merchandising experience arithmetic patterns that differ from the arithmetic taught in schools and that are associated with a high success rate. Increasingly, pedagogues have found the cultural milieus of kids to be a factor impacting their accomplishment in school mathematics ( Dawe, 1988 ) , supplying support to the hypothesis that cognitive power, larning capablenesss, and attitudes towards larning are closely related to cultural background ( D'ambrosio, 1992 ) to which Millroy ( 1992 ) , adds a socio-political dimension that may make larning barriers impacting peculiarly kids from disad vantaged groups. Outside the school environment, the public presentation of low-achieving kids and grownups in schools is frequently successful. Both kids and grownups perform â€Å" mathematically † good in their out-of-school environment: numeration, measurement, work outing jobs and pulling decisions utilizing techniques of explicating, understanding and get bying with their environment that they have learned in their cultural scene ( D'ambrosio, 1992 ) . These patterns have been generated or learned by their ascendants, transmitted through coevalss, modified through a procedure of cultural kineticss and learned in a more insouciant and less formal manner than school mathematics. It is the ancestral cognition of the groups. It is the â€Å" ethnomathematics † . ( D'ambrosio, 1992 ) Ethnomathematics develops largely when there is a disagreement between people ‘s demand for job resolution and the sum of mathematics they have learned in school i.e. when people become involved in undertakings necessitating job work outing accomplishments that are non learned in school ( Nunes, Schliemann & A ; Carraher, 1993 ) . It has been suggested that there are informal ways of making arithmetic computations that have small to make with the processs taught in school ( Carraher & A ; Carraher, 1985 ) . Besides surveies have documented differences across groups as a map of their degree of schooling. However, it is rather possible that the same differences between â€Å" street † and school arithmetic could be within persons. In other words, it might be the instance that the same individual could work out jobs sometimes in formal, and at other times, in informal ways. This seems peculiarly likely with kids who frequently have to make mathematical computations outside school that may be beyond the degree of their cognition of school algorithms. It seems rather possible that these kids might hold trouble with modus operandis learned at school and yet at the same clip are able to work out, by more effectual ways, the jobs for which these modus operandis were devised. One manner to research this thought is to look at kids who have to do frequent and rather complex computations outside school. The kids who sell things in street markets in Beirut organize one such group.PurposesWhile the short term purpose of the present instance survey is to look into the utilizations of math by a sample of immature schooled sellers in the streets of Beirut who use math in their occupations, its long term purpose is to be transferred and replicated in India. Specifically, the intent of this survey is to: 1. Describe the job work outing behavior of a sample of 10 immature street sellers in informal and formal scenes in Beirut. 2. Compare qualitatively the job work outing behavior of the sample in informal and formal scenes in Beirut.RationaleOur purpose is to analyze the mathematical patterns and schemes that develop out of street sellers day-to-day activities, to admit their strengths and to see their failings, as chances to negociate broader apprehensions of what counts a mathematics. Millroy ( 1992 ) has stated that â€Å" an recognition of these factors [ the societal, cultural and political facets of math ] would promote a broader conceptualisation of math and may get down a procedure whereby math could be seen as an active experience, accessible to all people † . ( p.50 ) Second, the consequences of this survey may lend to the turning organic structure of research in â€Å" mundane knowledge † or â€Å" knowledge in pattern † by analyzing the job work outing behaviour of the same group in two distinguishable scenes. Very few surveies investigated the ways in which the arithmetic cognition is learned outside school. In analyzing the arithmetic of Liberian seamsters, Lave ( 1988 ) proposed that there were two qualitatively different manners of making arithmetic. The untaught seamsters used a â€Å" use of measures † attack, an unwritten context-based manner of working with Numberss in contrast to the â€Å" use of symbols † attack employed by their schooled counter parts. It is possible that such different manners of making arithmetic may be found within the same persons particularly if they use math in every twenty-four hours work scenes ( Nunes et al. , 1993 ) . If so, it may be utile to depict and compare the utilizations of math by the same group in the context-based ( informal ) and school-based ( formal ) scenes. Third, the comparing of informal and formal processs in arithmetic, that is the manner people manipulate Numberss in work outing add-on, minus, generation and division jobs is a natural starting point for research for several grounds. D'ambrosio ( 1992 ) claims that arithmetic is a really simple facet of math. Another ground is that concluding about Numberss is portion of mundane experience every bit good as portion of the formal subject of math ( Nunes et al. , 1993 ) . On the other manus, Lave et Al. ( 1990 ) province that one of the several grounds for concentrating on arithmetic was that â€Å" arithmetic activity has formal belongingss which make it identifiable in the flow of experience in many different state of affairss † ( cited in Millroy, 1992, p.6 ) and Lave ( 1988 ) states that â€Å" it ( arithmetic ) has a extremely structured and incorrigible vocabulary, easy recognizable in the class of on-going activity † . ( p.5 )Significance FOR EducationThe present survey is important for three chief grounds. First, it represents the first effort in Lebanon to analyse the mathematical job work outing behavior of kids outside the confines of the schoolroom utilizing a qualitative attack. Second, it surveies the public presentation of schooled kids across two different contexts. Third, it contributes to the turning organic structure of research on larning in footings of â€Å" Apprenticeship † theoretical account of direction. Through garnering grounds that could be seen as a challenge to the conventional definition of math, mathematical activity can be seen as interlacing with mundane pattern outside the academic formal scenes. This, in bend, could open new positions for farther research into other theoretical accounts of learning and larning since â€Å" for old ages, math pedagogues and research workers in math instruction have focused on the schoolroom as the primary scene in which math acquisition takes topographic point † ( N unes et al, 1993, p. 557 ) . Another part from this work concerns instructors. The elaborate description and comparing of job work outing behavior of schooled sellers in work and school scenes may supply penetrations for instructors into their pupils ‘ degree of mathematical apprehension. By making chances for pupils ‘ job work outing activities in practical contexts, instructors might bring forth quandary to excite pupils ‘ innovation, find, and understanding in forms of activity. For, job work outing that relies to a great extent on the acquisition of regulations can be frequently â€Å" plagued † with bugged ( consistent mistake ) algorithms. If pupils can come to understand the regulations through conceive ofing situational contexts, they may be able to beef up their apprehension of these regulations. A farther practical value of this survey is the proposal it offers to curriculum developers on how to show mathematical constructs. In a school context, a mathematical construct is normally described and explained by raising the criterion algorithm for its computation. The analysis of the job work outing behaviors of sellers in work contexts may supply course of study developers with alternate and more effectual ways of showing mathematical constructs.LITERATURE REVIEWA good trade of involvement has been generated late by grounds that untaught individuals solve mundane math jobs successfully utilizing invented schemes and that many schooled individuals work out every twenty-four hours math jobs utilizing schemes different from those learned in school ( Carraher et al. , 1985 ; Saxe, 1991 ) . For many old ages, math instruction research workers have questioned the math that is generated and used outside of establishments of acquisition ( Millroy, 1992 ) . This is the math that allows untaught and sometimes illiterate people to pattern trades and trades, behavior concern minutess and do their lifes in a assortment of ways. This mathematical activity has been called â€Å" informal † math ( Ginsburg, 1988 ) or â€Å" mundane † math ( Lave, 1988 ) or â€Å" ethnomath † ( D'ambrosio, 1992 ) , or even â€Å" street † math ( Nunes et al. , 1993 ) . Several parts to the literature on informal math can be grouped into two categories of surveies: ( a ) work that aims at depicting informal math used in Western civilizations and ( B ) work that aims at depicting non-Western autochthonal signifiers of math bing in civilizations, where no systematic transmittal in school prevails ( Nunes et al. , 1993 ) . A good part of the work on informal math in Western civilizations focal points on immature kids and simple arithmetic. Several of import parts to our cognition of simple arithmetic in preschool old ages were made by Ginsburg ( 1988 ) who demonstrates that when kids learn a numeration system and understand it good, they can so contrive ways of utilizing it to work out arithmetic jobs through numeration and decomposition. A 2nd group of surveies on informal math in Western civilizations focal points on math used outside school by grownups, non by kids. This line of probe has shown that it is one thing to larn formal math in school and rather another to work out math jobs intertwined in mundane activities â€Å" Whether it is inventory taking at work or shopping or ciphering Calories in cookery, school math does non play a really of import function † ( Nunes et al. , 1993, p. 3 ) . Hence, the thought prevails that informal math has its ain signifiers that are versions to the ends and conditions of the activities. On the other manus, work on non-Western math showed that several groups of people who learn numeracy without schooling, use their autochthonal numbering systems to work out arithmetic jobs through numeration, decomposition, and reorganizing ( Gay & A ; Cole, 1967 ; Ginsburg, 1988 ) . For illustration, Gay and Cole ( 1967 ) study that the Kpelle people of Liberia used rocks as support in work outing arithmetic jobs and could work out add-on and minus jobs utilizing Numberss up to 30 or 40 with truth. Beyond that, their method became boring, and people tended to think the figure instead than give an exact reply. Several surveies ( Carraher et al. , 1985 ; Ginsburg, 1988 ) seem to bespeak that school-learned algorithms may non be people ‘s preferred ways for work outing numerical jobs outside the schoolroom. This observation seems to be true of kids with changing grades of schooling ( Carraher et al. , 1985 ) , grownups with an simple and secondary instruction and kids up to fifth class in both the United States and the Ivory Coast ( Ginsburg, 1988 ) . Carraher et Al. ( 1985 ) have suggested that the state of affairs in which arithmetic jobs are solved may hold an of import function in arousing different types of schemes ; school state of affairss tend to arouse school-taught processs, and out-of-school state of affairss are more likely to give rise to informal processs. In their survey, five kids, aged 9 to 15 old ages and with assorted degrees of schooling ( first to eight class ) , were asked to work out arithmetic jobs in the class of their work as market or street-vendors and in a school-like scene. Their public presentation in the natural state of affairs was significantly better than their public presentation in the school-like scene. Furthermore, their attacks to job work outing varied across state of affairss ; school-like jobs were more likely to be solved through resort to the school algorithms whereas the natural state of affairs gave rise to a assortment of informal processs that were extremely improbable to hold been learned at school. These consequences have motivated farther probe of the consequence of the state of affairs on the problem-solving processs since many differences exist between the scenes under consideration. Several possible accounts for the differences in public presentation observed in the informal and formal trials were suggested. In peculiar, Nunes et Al. ( 1993 ) present two types of theory that could explicate these consequences. One emphasizing the social-interaction facets of the state of affairs and a 2nd emphasizing the social-cognitive facets. Informal math has frequently been treated in the literature as â€Å" lesser † math affecting â€Å" idiosyncratic, intuitive, child-like processs, techniques that did non let for generalisation and should therefore be eliminated in the schoolroom through carefully designed direction. † ( Nunes et al. , 1993, p.19 ) . However, there are many calls that legitimize the signifiers of cognition associated with out-of-school patterns.MethodologyPopulation and SampleThe population of this instance survey consists of immature schooled sellers in two unfastened markets in Beirut who had at least three old ages of schooling and three months of peddling experience. The method used for choosing the sample is purposive sampling. The ground for taking this method was merely because peculiar sellers, whose features were known and dictated by the survey before trying, were intentionally chosen in order to fit and ease the survey. Ten sellers were purposively chosen from two market scenes in Beirut, viz. : Haret Hreik and Sabra. Sellers in the sample varied in old ages of schooling ( three to seven old ages ) , in age ( 10 to 16 old ages ) , and peddling experience ( one to eight old ages ) . Four of the sellers worked entirely while the other six helped their male parents or neighbours. Merely three were wholly responsible for buying the green goods at sweeping market and pricing it for selling. Since competition was normally high in these unfastened markets, the sellers would invariably be obliged to revise and alter their merchandising monetary values out of the blue even during the same twenty-four hours. Of the 10 topics, six had complete freedom in altering the monetary values of the green goods they were selling, while invariably revising their net income and loss. Sellers devoted long clip for their work: Seven topics worked from six to seven yearss per hebdomad with a mean of 10 hours per twenty-four hours ; whereas, the other three topics, still go toing school, worked after school and during holidaies. Failure was the basic ground for topics dropping out from school. Seven topics were out-of-school during the clip of the survey, six had dropped school because they merely had failed and repeated categories and merely one had to discontinue and work to back up his household. During the class of their day-to-day work, the topics were involved in minutess that required them to mentally work out a big figure of mathematical jobs without the usage of reckoners or even paper and pencil.DesignAn ethnographic instance survey attack was adopted as the chief methodological analysis. The delimited unit being the job work outing behaviour of immature street sellers in two unfastened markets: Sabra and Haret Hreik. These two markets are located in comparatively dumbly populated vicinities in Beirut. The two countries attract a big figure of migratory workers who live at the nearby cantonments. These workers come from a low socio-economic background where household members, including kids, usually work to back up the household. Both are unfastened markets for selling fruits and veggies in fixed booths whose roofs are fundamentally covered with corrugated sheets of Fe, weighted with blocks of rocks and held by thin wooden and Fe supports. The architecture of this roof helps to shadow and protect the sellers and their green goods from rain and direct sunshine. Inside the markets, sellers have wooden tabular arraies, each at his ain topographic point, on which fruits and veggies are exhibited. Other sellers who stand on the boundary lines of the market have their ain p assenger cars, each shaded by an umbrella. Photographs of the sellers and the two markets are provided and are used as informations beginnings ( Merriam, 1998 ) . ( See Appendix A ) . A mix of qualitative and quantitative methods is undertaken. The general methodological attack in the informal scene was to carry on realistic observation of the topics at work in both markets and to observe their job work outing behaviour on the arithmetic undertakings encountered during their day-to-day pattern as sellers. In the formal scene, a formal trial was administered and the job work outing behaviour of topics was studied from worksheets and transcribed audio-taped interviews.DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUESIn an effort to beef up dependability of findings ( Merriam, 1998, Yin, 2003 ) , informations was triangulated utilizing four methods of roll uping grounds from multiple beginnings: participant observation, interviewing, analysis of paperss, and Collecting artefacts.Participant ObservationTo acquire a instead emic position on the phenomenon of street peddling, the research worker posed as client asked inquiries on the monetary values of fruits and veggies for a purchase or a p ossible purchase. During observations, interactions with the sellers every bit good as sellers ‘ interactions with other clients were recorded.Interviewing and TestingInterviews ranged from informal conversations, to semi-structured, to formal-structured interviews which were preceded by a formal trial. Informal conversation. These conversations took topographic point the first two hebdomads of the survey. They consisted, basically, of general and open-ended inquiries that would do the capable start speaking about his life. The 2nd type involved instead specific inquiries, a book of which is provided in Appendix B. The chief intent of these conversations was to acquire to cognize the topics better, to obtain information about their age, degree of schooling, nationality, and residence. Semi-structured interviews. The semi-structured interviews were administered in Arabic, the native linguistic communication of the topics and the verbal responses were taped-recorded along with topics ‘ accounts of the processs used for obtaining the reply. A book of the semi-structured interviews is provided in Appendix C. It is deserving adverting here that though inquiries posed in these interviews were comparatively formulated following a general guideline, they were besides generated in the natural scene and were non identified prior to questioning. Formal trial. Upon transcribing informations from the semi-structured interviews, conversations with the topics were separated from minutess. The points of the formal trial were therefore extracted from the minutess executed by topics in an effort to accomplish a sell or a possible sell. In this manner, each operation performed by a topic in the semi-structured interviews was chosen as an point to be included in the formal trial taken by that topic. Problems were presented as either calculation exercises or as word jobs. After transforming the minutess into mathematical operations exercisings, points were chosen indiscriminately for each topic to be presented as word jobs. Problems involved different contexts such as minutess with different currencies, $ and L.L, measurings and weights. A book for word jobs is provided in Appendix E. The formal trial was administered a twosome of hebdomads after the semi-structured interviews, formal-structured interviews were scheduled. The formal trial took topographic point in the market or at the topics ‘ places. It is formal in the sense that it took topographic point in a formal, school-like scene where topics were given documents and pencils and were asked to execute a school-like undertaking while sitting at a tabular array. Formal-structured interviews. Upon completion of every trial point in the formal trial, each topic was interviewed and unwritten accounts of the processs used in job work outing were taped.Roll uping artefactsThis method involved roll uping anything a community makes and uses which reflects their experiences and patterns. The artefacts gathered consisted of exposures of topics at work visualizing the manner these topics exhibited their merchandises and the weights and graduated tables used, in order to demo the natural state of affairs that provided intending for their job work outing behaviour. Besides, specimen of documents on which topics wrote their computations was collected. ( See Appendix D )Analysis of paperssStatistical national and international records from international organisations ( UNICEF and UN ) every bit good as official and legal paperss from the Lebanese authorities were examined.AnalysisData consisting of descriptive and brooding field notes, transcribed taped i nterviews every bit good as job solutions were read and reread several times. The chief intent for scanning the information was to guarantee its completeness and to enter important observations that helped in establishing the analysis procedure. Careful scanning of the informations resulted in sketching a general and preliminary model for screening these informations. This categorization was chiefly based on the computations carried out by topics in discernible manners in both scenes during job work outing and their accounts for responses. As an initial measure in the procedure of analysis, Eisenhart ( 1988 ) emphasized the constitution of â€Å" meaningful † units of analysis harmonizing to which ascertained phenomena were divided and forms and regularities evolved in the sellers ‘ job work outing behaviour. Similarities and differences between forms of behaviour were delineated and finally major classs emerged stressing wide lineations of sellers ‘ job work outing behaviour. Relevant balls of informations were assembled to suit these classs and extra classs were formed to include â€Å" negative † cases which did non suit the general model. Finally, by comparing and fiting these classs and subcategories and mentioning to field notes, â€Å" consistent integral strategies † for sorting and categorising job work outing behaviour of sellers in both scenes, started to emerge. At this point, informations were categorized and consequences were produced.SUMMARY OF RESULTSUpon analysing the j ob work outing behaviour of street sellers in formal and informal scenes, three major findings emerged. First, when work outing the three types of jobs: jobs in the informal work scene ; calculation exercises ; and word jobs, three heuristics, three computational schemes, and eleven computational substrategies were used by the sellers. These heuristics, computational schemes and substrategies involved a combination of standard school-taught algorithms and nonstandard processs invented by the sellers. Sellers in the informal scene solved proportion jobs through building-up heuristic which constituted 66 % of the heuristics employed and was associated with a high success rate viz. 92 % . Besides, sellers attempted add-on, generation, and minus jobs utilizing informal, intuitive computational schemes, the most frequent of which was decomposition which represented 62 % of the computational schemes employed and which elicited high per centum of right responses, viz. 89 % . Second, sellers in the formal scene used formal computational schemes ( combination of traditional and idiosyncratic algorithms ) for work outing calculation exercisings that were different from the informal computational schemes used for work outing word jobs. For 81 % of sellers ‘ computational schemes when work outing calculation exercisings were formal whereas 78 % of the computational schemes used for work outing word jobs were informal. Informal computational schemes were associated with a high success rate on both types of jobs ; 85 % for calculation exercisings and 82 % when work outing word jobs. However, utilizing formal computational schemes, this success rate decreased well when work outing calculation exercisings ( 46 % ) and increased when work outing word jobs ( 91 % ) . Third, sellers employed computational schemes in the informal scene that were indistinguishable to those used when work outing word jobs but were qualitatively different from the computational sc hemes used for work outing calculation exercisings. For, the informal, intuitive computational schemes were entirely used by the sellers in the informal scene and represented 78 % of the computational schemes in word jobs, whereas 81 % of sellers computational schemes when work outing calculation exercisings were formal ( combination of traditional and idiosyncratic algorithms ) . Besides, informal, intuitive computational schemes were associated with a high success rate across scenes whereas the formal computational schemes elicited high success rate, 91 % , merely on word jobs. One of the deductions drawn was that applied jobs were much easier and meaningful than pure calculation exercisings. Besides, the presence of existent objects could non by any ground cut down the complexness of the mathematical jobs posed and therefore lend to this comparative success in the market, since public presentation on word jobs was well high.INTERPRETATION OF RESULTSTheoretical models that were pr oposed by cognitive developmental theoreticians, specifically the plants of Vygotsky and Piaget, may, to a big extent, explicate within and across single differences in public presentation in the informal and formal scenes. Vergnaud ( 1988 ) has developed a theoretical theoretical account of constructs which may explicate the usage of heuristics every bit good as differences in computational schemes within and across groups and scenes. Vergnaud ‘s theoretical account is based upon the thought that concepts ever affect three facets: invariants, representations, and state of affairss. A possible reading for this difference in computational schemes use could be the differential impact of the state of affairss that elicited such computational schemes. The informal computational schemes that were employed in meaningful peddling state of affairss required apprehension and their usage by the topics developed understanding. It was an apprehension of Numberss and figure system develope d within a larger context, a context of meaningful and sensible relationships. But the formal schemes were instead more symbolic, restricted merely to meaningless representations that messed up the topics ‘ public presentation and led to uncertainness and confusion.IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATIONThe most of import deduction that can be extracted from this survey is the new construct about what counts as math in general and arithmetic in peculiar. Math is intuitive, realistic, subjective, and can be used as a tool for carry throughing purposive activities. In this regard, the consequences of this survey confirm the position that math, specifically arithmetic, is non an abstract organic structure of regulations but instead can be invented by the people.Deductions for TeachingThis survey has provided grounds that kids can contrive job work outing schemes for work outing add-on, minus, generation, and simple proportion jobs which may non hold been taught to them in school. Teachers cou ld ease more meaningful acquisition by set uping links between kids ‘s intuitive schemes and the traditional algorithms. Besides, Students can outdo larn a construct when they have experienced for themselves manifestations of that construct. A 3rd deduction for instruction is the fact that pupils ‘ mistakes can be valuable portion of the acquisition procedure because they can supply information about pupils ‘ apprehensionsDeduction for Curriculum DevelopersOne direct deduction of this survey to curriculum development is the designing of course of study around primary constructs and showing it in a whole-part attack as suggested by constructivists ( Brooks & A ; Brooks, 1993 ) . The sellers ‘ informal computational schemes were holistic in that they dealt with complete Numberss instead than single figures and they worked from left to compensate, continuing the significance and topographic point value of Numberss. Showing mathematical content and structuring jo bs around â€Å" large † thoughts can supply chances for pupils every bit good as instructors to get constituent accomplishments, gather more information, and therefore construct mathematical constructs for, â€Å" with course of study activities clustered around wide constructs, pupils can choose their ain unique job work outing attacks and utilize them as spring boards for the building of new apprehensions † ( Brooks & A ; Brooks, 1993, p.47 ) . The consequences of this survey have generated a figure of inquiries that are deserving sing for farther research. Possibly, the most important inquiry is the manner in which school larning interacts with the sorts of understandings kids generate through their engagement in every twenty-four hours cultural patterns. Despite the importance of this inquiry, we have small empirical research in this country. Besides, depicting and comparing the job work outing behaviour of sellers in informal and formal scenes have triggered the digesting inquiries about what a mathematical construct is and what it means to work out a job in nonacademic scenes. It may be interesting to retroflex this survey on different mathematical constructs and with a different group of learners and to compare the job work outing behaviours across contexts. Further research in support of the thought of people ‘s practical theorems, or Vergnaud ‘s theorems-in-action should be conducted. We likely need to develop adept ways for depicting different kinds of inexplicit cognition and find the range of intuitive job work outing behaviour.POSSIBILITIES FOR REPLICATION IN INDIAWhile our chief focal point in this instance survey was to analyze the job work outing behavior of street kids in Beirut, we are interested in widening it to India. However, we are cognizant of certain challenges including those pertinent to linguistic communication as different linguistic communications are spoken by kids in assorted metropoliss in India. Besides, the gender function differences will be present. Girls are required to get married early and boys remain on the streets longer. Beging by households is common excessively. The Torahs do non allow kids to set up little boxes to sell their wares so they run when they see police coming. There is a surc harge to be paid to the authorities to put up little booths to sell their wares. Besides, there are specific countries that these kids can sell their goods. Most times they are selling and puting up their boxes where it is illegal to make so. So, as a research worker you may hold to wait yearss for your capable to return from gaol etc.Appendix AA participant deliberation The architecture of Sabra ‘s market Selling and interchanging money Negociating the monetary valueAppendix BScript of Informal ConversationsAdapted from Millroy ( 1992 )A. General, open-ended inquiries to do the topic talk about his life. B. More specific inquiries 1. What is your name? 2. How old are you? 3. Where are you from? 4. At which category have you dropped school? 5. How many old ages have you studied? 6. Where do you populate? 7. How old were you when you dropped school? 8. Why did you drop school? 9. For how many old ages have you been working in the market? 10. At what clip do you come to the market and when do you go forth? 11. How many are you at place? 12. Make your male parent work? 13.Have you taken add-on, minus, and generation at school? 14.Do you know how to calculate? Do you utilize paper and pencil or a reckoner? 15. What do you sell? 16. Make you sell entirely or person helps you? 17. Make you do sweeping purchases? 18. Who makes the pricing on the green goods? 19. Can you alter the monetary values, make price reductions or increase the monetary value? 20. Make you calculate net income and loss? 21. Can you give a alteration to a dollar measure? 22. Make you utilize the things you have learned in school while working in the market? 23. Make you like working in the market? 24. Make you wish your brothers to work in the market? 25. Is it profitable to work in the market? 26. When have a job do you inquire for aid from anybody? 27. Make you see traveling back to school? 28. What does it take to be a good seller?Appendix CScript for semi-structured interviewsQuestions posed were drawn from the topics ‘ natural scene, from the type of minutess used and the inquiries they may confront in their work. 1. I am traveling to take X kg of this green goods. How much is that? How do you cognize? 2. I will take X kilos. I am traveling to give you z L.L measure, what do I acquire back? How did you acquire it? 3.You are selling X kg for y L.L but I want z kg, how much do I have to wage? Why? 4.I privation to purchase X kg of this and y kg of that. How much do I have to pay? How? 5. I have X L.L. I want to take Ys kilos from this green goods, how much will I hold left? How did you happen out? I have X L.L How many kilos can I purchase with it from this green goods? How did you cognize? 7. You are selling X kg of this green goods for Y L.L, but I merely want one kg. How much does one kg cost? How did you acquire the reply? 8. Have you changed your monetary values today? By how much? Why? 9. I want Ten kg from this green goods. I will pay you with a y $ measure. How much is the alteration in $ ? In L.L? How? 10. Can you gauge how much the leftovers from this green goods weigh? How? 11. From the leftovers can you perchance think how much have you sold? How make you cognize? 12. How much have you sold today? Can you find your net income? How?Appendix DDocuments on which the sellers wrote their solutions of arithmetic jobs

Bourdieu, Gramsci and Radical Mobilization essays

Bourdieu, Gramsci and Radical Mobilization essays Throughout contemporary times there have been various student movements advocating social reform in many countries throughout the world, but perhaps one of the most well-known and influential student movements is the Students for a Democratic Society. The SDS movement was most active during the 1960s and inspired by the Civil Rights Movement. It advocated for many social issues such as equality, economic justice, participatory democracy and peace. Using the theories from Pierre Bourdieus books, Logic of Practice and Distinction and Antonio Gramscis, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, we will be able to better understand the mechanisms behind the radical mobilization of the 1960s and give an explanation as to why they happened. Bourdieu would analyze that the mechanisms that allowed for the SDS movement and other radical mobilization of the 1960s could be explained through his terms, habitus, reproduction, misrecognition and the accumulation and maintenance of capital. Antonio Gram sci [on the other hand] would argue that the mobilization of the 1960s could be demonstrated through his concepts of hegemony, civil society, and common sense, war of position and war of movement. In Logic of Practice, Pierre Bourdieu introduces one of his major concepts; habitus. Bourdieu argues that the lifestyle practices, values, expectations and dispositions of individuals and particular social groups are acquired through their activities and experiences of everyday life that follow an objective structure, this is their habitus. Specifically Bourdieu defines habitus as the systems of durable, transposable dispositions, structured structures predisposed to function as structuring structures, that is, as principles which generate and organize practices and representations that can be objectively adapted to their outcomes without presupposing a conscious aiming at ends or an express mastery of the operation ...

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Notable Quotes from George Orwells Animal Farm

Notable Quotes from George Orwells Animal Farm George Orwells  influential, allegorical  novel  Animal Farm was published in 1945. In the novel, the overworked and mistreated animals on a farm all begin to follow the precepts of Animalism, rise up against the humans, take over the farm, and rename the place: Animal Farm. Here are a few quotes from this famous work. All men are enemies. All animals are comrades.- George Orwell, Animal Farm, Ch. 1THE SEVEN COMMANDMENTS1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.3. No animal shall wear clothes.4. No animal shall sleep in a bed.5. No animal shall drink alcohol.6. No animal shall kill any other animal.7. All animals are equal.- George Orwell, Animal Farm, Ch. 2The animals were happy as they had never conceived it possible to be. Every mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure, now that it was truly their own food, produced by themselves and for themselves, not doled out to them by a grudging master.- George Orwell, Animal Farm, Ch. 3I will work harder!- George Orwell, Animal Farm, Ch. 3FOUR LEGS GOOD, TWO LEGS BAD- George Orwell, Animal Farm, Ch. 3It was given out that the animals there practiced cannibalism, tortured one another with red-hot horseshoes, and had their females in common. This was what came of rebelling against the laws o f Nature, Frederick and Pilkington said.- George Orwell, Animal Farm, Ch. 4 I have no wish to take life, not even human life, repeated Boxer, and his eyes were full of tears.- George Orwell, Animal Farm, Ch. 4Napoleon is always right.- George Orwell, Animal Farm, Ch. 5All that year the animals worked like slaves. But they were happy in their work; they grudged no effort or sacrifice, well aware that everything they did was for the benefit of themselves and those of their kind who would come after them, and not for a pack of idle, thieving human beings.- George Orwell, Animal Farm, Ch. 6The human beings did not hate Animal Farm any less now that it was prospering; indeed, they hated it more than ever.- George Orwell, Animal Farm, Ch. 6They were always cold, and usually hungry as well.- George Orwell, Animal Farm, Ch. 7If she herself had had any picture of the future, it had been of a society of animals set free from hunger and the whip, all equal, each working according to his capacity, the strong protecting the weak.- George Orwell, Animal Farm, Ch. 7 They had come to a time when no one dared speak his mind, when fierce, growling dogs roamed everywhere, and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after confessing to shocking crimes. Chapter 7Some of the animals remembered or thought they remembered that the Sixth Commandment decreed, No animal shall kill any other animal. And though no one cared to mention it in the hearing of the pigs or the dogs, it was felt that the killings which had taken place did not square with this.- George Orwell, Animal Farm, Ch. 8Besides, in those days they had been slaves and now they were free, and that made all the difference, as Squealer did not fail to point out.- George Orwell, Animal Farm, Ch. 9 Study Guide Questions for study and discussion.General book club questions for Study and Discussion

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Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee - Movie Review Example It encompasses just a piece of the history that the book arrays over. This includes the battle of little Big Horn to the killing of sitting bull. This film directed by Yves Simoneau; however covers a lot more enough deceitfulness and deviousness and unfulfilled treaties on the side of the United Sates government. Yet still, the downside to it is are the approaches of the white men in charge, such like President Ulyness Grant. Grant is a good friend to the red Indians, who thinks that by contributing to the evolution of the red Indians best guarantees his survival. He also believes that there no way Sioux is going to be saved unless the rd Indians are obliged to give up their uncivilized way of life and patch up on the corollary. The whole anthropological, political and sociological careers have been exhausted by the disentanglement racism involved in statements such like those. Ironically, the burning of villages was clearly not an American discovery of 20th century. However, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee is intoned with not only with scenes of this time but also of the late 18th century of the inevitably slow holocaust of the Native Americans. These Native Americans were expunged from their own land, and become inexorable sufferers of their own efforts to mollify the mysterious white men who believe they can possess the entire world. However, we rarely see the first accord between Indians and European and Indian. What we see is the infuriating outcomes of it. When the Native Americans gave an edge, they were mislaid after respectable men, such like Dawes, were blackmailed by their own rejection to see any appeal in Native American cultures. In this context, this is signified is so very measly but frighteningly warm calamity of Charles Eastman. Eventually, Sioux is wrenched away from ethnic life as a young adolescent and brought up in the civilization of European settlers back East. The brilliant Adam Beach realizes when it’s too late that the ulterior m otive behind the Americans was to use him as a weapon with which to destroy his own people as well as Native American civilization. The shame and tragedy play out in measly moments. For one thing, the youthful Charles braids being sliced off, the distraction of the men on the corollary; the effect is extreme. It is a lot enough to make any conscientious American disgraced by the dismays visited on the Native Americans in the name of liberty and principles. This film was adopted form the novel Bury ‘My Heart at Wounded Knee† by Dee Brown. The movie links the ending years of a shameful chapter of American history. Straddling the period of 1850 to 1890, this film chronicles the destiny of the many native tribes who were forfeited for the sake of the white American gluttony for land tracks of land and readily available resources. From the onset, the film depicts the expunging of the Navajos from their ancestral homes to a proviso. On the same length, they are however permitt ed to return to their native land, which is somewhat less fertile. This film evokes the feeling that this event hallmarked the last fight of the Native American. Throughout the film, furthermore, voices of the past can still teasingly be heard. This film brings to mind the feeling that it was somewhat it is a lot more kind of a condemnation of white America and an outlook that perseveres until today. The hostile attitudes that permitted the United States government and Army to defeat a whole nation can be found in the American

Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried Research Paper

Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried - Research Paper Example The ambiguity of Tim’s dubious first person narration along with epistemological uncertainties that the narrator’s storytelling raises rather force the readers to rely more and more on the narrator as a guide through the atrocities and cruelties of war as per what to go and view the massacre and where not to. Therefore Tim’s as a narrator exploits the opportunity of being dubious to the readers just to warn them how storytelling can cheat their eyes. Referring to this epistemological uncertainty that the stories render Catherine Callaway comments as following: â€Å"The epistemological ambivalence of the stories in the Things They Carried is reinforced the book’s ambiguity of style and structure† (250) The narrator Tim himself along with his ambiguity renders the narrative an apparently believable continuity between the episodes of the novel, and hereby, sustains a progress, though little about the war, much about the spiritual progress. That is, th e narrator relates more of a spiritual journey than a military one. The surface level expectation, of the readers, that the novel tells the story of a war, is fulfilled through Tim’s effort to let the readers feel the immediate experience of war standing close to the battleground. Yet the war progresses little through these episodes. Rather the tantalizing meaning of the war continually gets developed through the elegiac continuity which exists among the episodes. The narrator, Tim O’Brien himself sits at the center of this continuity as a medium that links between the episodes. His role is more of a spiritual agent who symbolizes the progress, not of the war, but the war’s meaning or reality. Though the episodes of the narrative are not chronologically sequenced and not exclusively military-progress specific, an intangible progress prevails throughout these episodes. Being threatened and subsequently being provoked by the ambiguity and dubiousness of Timâ€℠¢s narrative techniques the readers’ attempts to muster the meaning from these episodic pictures necessarily gives birth to this meaning that war is not something conventionally assumed by the most. The stories told in twenty-two chapters of the novel â€Å"range from several lines to many pages and demonstrate well the impossibilities of knowing the realities of war† (Callaway 251). Sometimes the stories abruptly stop only â€Å"to be continued pages or chapters later† (Callaway 252). Often some stories are told by several characters part by part or randomly. Yet the validity of some stories can be questioned from the very beginning though they are told as if they are true. Referring to the possible motif behind this random fashion of storytelling Callaway comments: O’Brien draws the reader into the text, calling the reader’s attention to the process of invention and challenging him to determine which, if any, of the stories are true. As a result, the stories become epistemological tools, multidimensional windows through which the war, the world, and the way of telling a war story can be viewed from many different angles and visions. (Callaway 253) The episodes narrated by Tim serve as a set of catalysts that raise the epistemological uncertainties about the conventional perception of war. Tim recounts his experiences about the war and oft-repeatedly comments on them. He tells the story of the war when it

Facebook is a Useful Website for the People Essay

Facebook is a Useful Website for the People - Essay Example The influence of Facebook can be evaluated as beyond a website, but as an innovative tool to measure one’s social acceptability and the ability to mingle with the masses without any inhibition or inferiority complex. Also, the usefulness of Facebook extends to other spheres like international brotherhood, an innovative platform to communicate with one’s friends and meet new people, exchange valuable information, spend one’s leisure time in a more useful way, new experiences, view videos and games, and regular updating of one’s relationships. Lino states, â€Å"Facebook is a mirror of real life and if it is used too much becomes a sort of second life for some people†. Facebook is an innovative online medium with a lot of opportunities and advantages in different areas of human life, which separates it from the other social networking websites. As pointed out, Facebook is basically a website on the internet which provides social networking service to the users. About its usefulness in businesses, Raj states, â€Å"It helps in business promotion through Ads and Fans page†. Companies use facebook groups for promotion of their business. Cavallari states, â€Å"Facebook groups have become a marketing tool on the most successful social networking site in existence†. The social networking service helps people to connect with friends, relatives, well-wishers, and the international community of internet users. Mark Zuckerberg and his friends (Eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes) are the founders of Facebook. Mark Zuckerberg was a student at Harvard and the membership was limited to his private and public circles. Later, this website became more and more acceptable and popular among the student community at Stanford University and its surrounding areas like Ivy League university. We can say that the acceptance and popularity acquired by this website among the student community attracted high school students and later the international community of internet users. Facebook was launched in February 2004, and the ownership is fully vested in Facebook, Inc., a private company. The present popularity of Facebook includes more than 600 million active users. Janell L. Carroll states that â€Å"On college campuses, Facebook is the most popular networking site, and the majority of students check their Facebook accounts daily or several times a day† ( 71). We can say that Faceb ook is becoming more popular among the student community. In addition, Facebook is becoming popular because of the unique social networking services provided by the owners. The name ‘Facebook’ is indebted to the university administrators in the USA, who used to provide books to their students to know each other in a better way. To be specific, Facebook’s aim is to help the users connect with each other and to share valuable information for productive purposes. The common thoughts about Facebook include its usefulness as a social networking website and its disadvantage as spending much time on the internet. Most of the users of Facebook make use of the same innovative tool to create a virtual presence and to share their thoughts and connect with their friends. However, D. E. Wittkower points out that â€Å"If Facebook promotes friendship and if friendship is a good thing, why do we so often feel as if we’ve been wasting time when we are facebooking?â€℠¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (120). However, most of the Facebook users may reject this opinion because they consider Facebook as an innovative tool or online medium to create

Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried Research Paper

Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried - Research Paper Example The ambiguity of Tim’s dubious first person narration along with epistemological uncertainties that the narrator’s storytelling raises rather force the readers to rely more and more on the narrator as a guide through the atrocities and cruelties of war as per what to go and view the massacre and where not to. Therefore Tim’s as a narrator exploits the opportunity of being dubious to the readers just to warn them how storytelling can cheat their eyes. Referring to this epistemological uncertainty that the stories render Catherine Callaway comments as following: â€Å"The epistemological ambivalence of the stories in the Things They Carried is reinforced the book’s ambiguity of style and structure† (250) The narrator Tim himself along with his ambiguity renders the narrative an apparently believable continuity between the episodes of the novel, and hereby, sustains a progress, though little about the war, much about the spiritual progress. That is, th e narrator relates more of a spiritual journey than a military one. The surface level expectation, of the readers, that the novel tells the story of a war, is fulfilled through Tim’s effort to let the readers feel the immediate experience of war standing close to the battleground. Yet the war progresses little through these episodes. Rather the tantalizing meaning of the war continually gets developed through the elegiac continuity which exists among the episodes. The narrator, Tim O’Brien himself sits at the center of this continuity as a medium that links between the episodes. His role is more of a spiritual agent who symbolizes the progress, not of the war, but the war’s meaning or reality. Though the episodes of the narrative are not chronologically sequenced and not exclusively military-progress specific, an intangible progress prevails throughout these episodes. Being threatened and subsequently being provoked by the ambiguity and dubiousness of Timâ€℠¢s narrative techniques the readers’ attempts to muster the meaning from these episodic pictures necessarily gives birth to this meaning that war is not something conventionally assumed by the most. The stories told in twenty-two chapters of the novel â€Å"range from several lines to many pages and demonstrate well the impossibilities of knowing the realities of war† (Callaway 251). Sometimes the stories abruptly stop only â€Å"to be continued pages or chapters later† (Callaway 252). Often some stories are told by several characters part by part or randomly. Yet the validity of some stories can be questioned from the very beginning though they are told as if they are true. Referring to the possible motif behind this random fashion of storytelling Callaway comments: O’Brien draws the reader into the text, calling the reader’s attention to the process of invention and challenging him to determine which, if any, of the stories are true. As a result, the stories become epistemological tools, multidimensional windows through which the war, the world, and the way of telling a war story can be viewed from many different angles and visions. (Callaway 253) The episodes narrated by Tim serve as a set of catalysts that raise the epistemological uncertainties about the conventional perception of war. Tim recounts his experiences about the war and oft-repeatedly comments on them. He tells the story of the war when it

Le Corbusier, Cubism and Social Connections to Picasso and Gertrude Research Paper

Le Corbusier, Cubism and Social Connections to Picasso and Gertrude Stein - Research Paper Example Like all complex works of art, his life too is seemingly contradicting and open to multiple interpretations. If Picasso shocked the world of painting by departing from the practice of imitating nature, Le Corbusier took the revolution a step ahead with his ideal notions about the advent of machine age and his stark depiction of the precision and sharpness which the machine age represented. It comes as no surprise that these two icons of the artistic world met and were influenced by each other’s ideas. On the contrary, the interactions between Le Corbusier and the American writer, Gertrude Stein were not all too pleasant thanks to their differences of opinion. However, despite their personal differences, it remains undisputable that these interactions influenced Le Corbusier in more ways than one. The first encounter of Corbusier with Picasso probably happened in the early 1920s before he bought Picasso’s The Bottle of Rum in a sale held in Paris. His view of this work a s an arrangement of planes supported by verticals was probably the first architectural interpretation of the work. During later phases of his life as an architect, Corbusier also translated and extended the depiction of volumes in Picasso’s cubist works into buildings displaying his respect for Picasso. However, much before Corbusier bought The Bottle of Rum, he had written to Picasso on numerous occasions. Apparently, Picasso too had shown some interest towards the maverick architect thanks to his occasional ventures into the architectural domain. Following Picasso’s success in using the void to represent a solid, Corbusier added the spatial element to modern architecture using elements such as a half-transparent, curved wall. This was the time when the cultural preferences of artists underwent a drastic change thanks to the widespread impact of the First World War. Picasso, along with his fellow supporters of Cubism like Braque, abandoned the art form to return to th e more traditional practices of neoclassicism. Futurism, which was used as a medium to adulate the machinery, violence and the war, was rejected by the strongest of its supporters. Corbusier, on the other hand was spending the wartime away from Paris in the seclusion of the La-Chaux-de-Fonds Art school. While teaching in this school, he also worked on employing the modernist techniques in architecture. During this period, he also completed designing the ‘Domino’ House project. The open floor plan comprising of slender, reinforced concrete columns and the interconnecting stairways would be a permanent feature of all his future works (Moos 2009). Having considered himself as primarily being a painter before being an architect, Le Corbusier understood the relationship between architecture, painting and sculpture. Since he believed that architecture should be used to signify the increasing industrialization and resolve social problems, he experimented on new ways of unifyin g painting and sculpture with architecture. However, in doing so, he did not compromise on the autonomous statuses of each of these forms (Cohen 2005). Now, being a painter himself, he was heavily influenced by Cubism which rejected the age old practices of imitating nature and was being used by painters such as Picasso and Braque for portraying multiple perspectives in their paintings and adding a realistic spirit to the paintings. Having begun among a group of painters, Cubism had also spread to different mediums such as literature and sculpture. Gertrude Stein, the celebrated American author had incorporated Cubist techniques in several of her works such as ‘

Final Exam Critical Thinking Essay Example for Free

Final Exam Critical Thinking Essay Our newest product Wet Wonders lip gloss, has not been performing very well. Creative Cosmetics needs to come up with different ways to market our lip gloss in order to boost sales. The projected sales for Wet Wonders lip gloss have slumped and we are in danger of having to scrap this product and its promotional campaign. During product development, our initial testing proved that Wet Wonders can be successful based off the positive feedback we received. In order to boost sales, Creative Cosmetics needs to analyze the role of advertising in society, why it’s so important and how to effectively use it. Without advertising consumers would not be told what to buy. Advertising is the reason our homes are filled with so many items, why we drive the cars we do and why we wear the clothes we wear. There have been many studies on the increase of advertisements over the years. In 1915, a person could go entire weeks without observing an ad. The average adult today sees some three thousand every day (Twitchell 203). Advertising also fuels the need to shop which in turn stimulates the economy. Economist can track consumer spending every quarter allowing them to gauge how well the economy is doing. Due to budget constraints, Creative Cosmetics chose to only sell Wet Wonders through ads on the radio. Using only radio ads to market our product, has not proven to be very effective. While radio allows you to tell a story and take the listener’s mind on a journey, it is not the most effective means of marketing a lip gloss. The radio paints a broad stroke, meaning it is heard by many different people. There are specific times when we could have our ads running that could pinpoint a certain group of people, although it’s not necessarily guaranteed. Another downside to radio ads is they don’t have the ability to allow the consumer to see what they are missing. It’s not enough to say we have a wonderful product. We want to make the consumer feel that their lives would be so much better with our lip gloss and if they don’t buy it then they are missing out on something great. In other words, we have to convince them that they need our lip gloss in order to make their lives as exciting as the woman wearing it. Television could do that most effectively. Television commercials would give us the visual component we need. Our ads could really drive home the message that Wet Wonders lip gloss can change your whole look in instant. We want women to feel as though they can go from drab to fab with just one swipe of our lip gloss. Television would give us the ability to make women as though they would feel, sexy, confident and desirable when they wear our lip gloss. We could run our commercials during peak times that women are watching television such as the morning and afternoons. While there are a lot of women working outside the home, there are still a good number of women that stay at home to raise families. An ideal time to run our commercials would be during talk and game shows as well as soap operas. Another idea would be to use a famous person or celebrity in our advertising. People like to feel as though they trust the person they are buying something from and even though they may not personally know the celebrity they trust them. Since we know our product would be best suited being marketed on a visual platform, we should also consider magazine ads. Magazines would be a perfect way to market our Wet Wonders lip gloss. With magazine ads we could saturate the market with our product and message. There are teen magazines, young adult beauty magazines, and magazines for the more mature woman. Every one of these genres have women that are sexy, confident, and desirable. This is exactly the woman we want to market to. Magazines have the ability to make consumers visualize themselves as that sexy, vibrant woman that wears Wet Wonders lip gloss just by looking at a picture.

The Dental Induced Bacteraemia

The Dental Induced Bacteraemia Your Uncle not the same as last time who has been taking clopidogrel for a number of years approaches you, a dental student, to explain something to him. After two weeks of weariness and fever, his doctor recently diagnosed Infective Endocarditus by blood cultures. An echocardiogram indicated a bicuspid aortic valve, and listening to the chest using a stethoscope the doctor could also detect a slight murmur. His doctor had asked him whether he had had any dental treatment recently. He admitted that he had not seen a dentist for a number of years and a cursory investigation revealed dental caries and inflammation of the gums. His reason for avoiding the dentist was because of bleeding in the mouth following visits. Your Uncle was quizzical about a number of things and has asked for your advice. He wants to know what information the echocardiogram and stethoscope can reveal. Further, he wants to understand the connection between oral health and an individuals general medical condition. Specifically, what oral bacteria are present, what roles do they play in oral biology, how they could cause systemic problems, and what sort of strategies could be employed to prevent infection. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Working in your groups, generate a list of leaning outcomes for this topic and return an individual copy by 23rd November by email to [emailprotected] These learning outcomes will be assessed, and intended learning outcomes returned to assist you with your report. Individually write a 2000 word manuscript in a scientific manner addressing the learning outcomes by 7th January (2013) and upload via QMplus. Please note that with QMplus the time cut-off is 23:55. Learning Outcomes 1. To identify the connection between clopidogrel and excessive bleeding gums. 2. To describe normal and abnormal heart valve formations. 3. To understand and describe the information that echocardiograms and stethoscope can provide regarding heart function. 4. To explain how oral derived bacterial flora can colonise heart valves. 5. To explain why the heart valves are susceptible to bacterial colonisation. 6. To describe when prophylactic antibiotics should be prescribed prior to oral treatments. Introduction Bacteraemia is a condition that is caused when bacteria enters the blood stream. When large amount of bacteria are present in the blood it can cause infections such as meningitis, pericarditis and endocarditus. Individuals with heart valve disorders, prosthetic joints, chronic diseases or weakened immune system are at increased risk of developing infections during Bacteraemia. Dental induced Bacteraemia is caused by minor injury from tooth brushing or from dental procedures. In the above problem based learning scenario we have been presented with our uncle who has been taking Clopidogrel for a number of years and has now been diagnosed with Infective Endocarditis by blood cultures. Below I will expand on the proposed learning outcomes. [2] FIG.1Identify the connection between Clopidogrel and excessive bleeding gums. Clopidogrel is an oral antiplatelet drug which reduces the risk of blood clots forming. It works by preventing Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which causes platelets aggregation, from binding to its P2Y12 receptors on platelets and stops activation of the glycoprotein GPIIb/IIIa complex. This prevention reduces the likelihood of clots forming. [1] [3]Source:Harvey, R; Champe, P Lippincott illustrated reviews: Pharmacology, 4th edition. LWW: 2009. Blood clots can be very dangerous as they can cause blockages of blood vessels reducing the blood supply to an organ. A reduction in blood flow to the brain or heart can cause a stroke or heart attack. This explains Clopidogrels biggest use in patients who have had a recent heart attack or stroke; it helps to stop a reoccurrence. [1] Taking Clopidogrel therefore can cause excessive bleeding gums. If a blood vessel ruptures when brushing the teeth, through dental treatment or even by eating the gums will carry on bleeding for longer than usual because of the lack of platelet aggregation. http://birthnow.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Clopidogrel.gif Describe normal and abnormal heart valve formations. A healthy human heart consists of four chambers; two upper atria and two lower ventricles and four valves; two semilunar and two atrioventricular valves. The aortic and pulmonic valves are both semilunar valves and found in the arteries leaving the heart. The tricuspid and mitral valves are the atrioventricular valves and are found between the atria and ventricles. [5] Valves are made up of cusps which basically act as flaps or leaflets that are responsible for the one way flow of blood going into and out of a ventricle. Each valve has three leaflets, except the mitral valve, which only has two. [4] FIG.3Strong fibrous cords called chordae tendineae also known as heart strings are attached to the papillary muscles found on the floor of the ventricles and they act as anchors to stop the valves from inverting back into the atria. When the valve closes the papillary muscles contract and tenses the chordae tendineae to ensure the one way flow of blood. The valves are also supported and surrounded by a fibrous skeleton called annuli that also acts as another anchor. http://www.tokresource.org/tok_classes/biobiobio/biomenu/transport_system/heart-valves.jpg [6] FIG.4Blood flows from the right and left atria into the ventricles through the open tricuspid and mitral valves respectively. When the ventricles are full, the tricuspid and mitral valves shut. The ventricles now begin to contract and the pulmonic and aortic valves are forced open and blood is pumped out. Blood from the right ventricle passes through the open pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery and carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs while blood from the left ventricle is oxygenated and travels through the open aortic valve into the aorta and goes to the rest of the body. This happens in a cycle, between heartbeats the ventricles will then relax, the semilunar valves will close and the atrioventricular valves will open and allow blood from the body and lungs to enter the heart. [7]http://mitral-valve-repair.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/heart-valves_heart-chambers.jpg Heart valves can however malfunction in several ways. Abnormal heart valve formations fall into two main groups; Regurgitation and Stenosis. Regurgitation of the valves is when they fail to close properly which causes the backward leakage of blood, this is often happens as a result of coronary heart disease, rheumatic heart disease or because or bacterial and viral infections including infective endocarditus. [8] Mitral regurgitation is the most common heart valve disorder being found in 20% of adults over the age of 55. [9] The backward leakage of blood causes an increase in atrial pressure and the wall of the left atrium will thicken by hypertrophy and possibly dilate. The pulmonary venous pressure will also rise which produces pulmonary oedema (fluid accumulation in the air spaces).It also reduces the blood supply to the rest of the so the left ventricle will also become thicker and the heart rate will increase to try and maintain normal cardiac output. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pains, dizziness and the pulse becomes faster. [10] [11] Stenosis of the heart valves occurs when the valve is narrowed and obstructs the forward flow of blood, it is usually a result of a congenital defect which has caused the valve to become inflamed or calcified. [12] FIG.5 Aortic Stenosis Aortic valve Stenosis is one of the most common valve disorders, when the valve doesnt open correctly there is reduced blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta. In severe cases the walls of the left ventricle will become thicker as it has to work harder to maintain cardiac output into the aorta. Symptoms include dizziness, chest pain and an irregular heart beat. If the condition worsens it can lead to heart failure and more uncommonly to endocarditus.http://www.heart-valve-surgery.com/Images/aortic-stenosispicture-275.jpg Aortic Stenosis develops over time because or turbulent blood flow through a usually bicuspid aortic valve. Calcific valvular disease is an inflammatory process and the biggest cause of the disorder, calcification of the valve makes it very stiff and makes it difficult for the valve to open easily. Again as with regurgitation rheumatic fever and endocarditis are also causes of Stenosis. [11] [12] Valve deformations are more common in the left side of the heart but they do also occur in the right hand side. Stenosis and regurgitation can affect all four valves and not only the two mentioned above. [13] Other abnormal valve formations are congenital heart valve diseases which are those present at birth when the aortic or pulmonary valves dont form properly. Understand and describe the information that echocardiograms and stethoscope can provide regarding heart function. Echocardiography is a non-invasive technique used to assess cardiac structure and function by the use of ultrasound. Echoes are used to listen for congestion in the lungs, irregular heartbeats and murmurs. [11] There are several types of echocardiograms; transthoracic (TTE) are the most common. A device called a probe or transducer is placed on the chest and high frequency sound waves are used to produce sounds and images of the heart. It picks up echoes of sound waves and transmits them as electrical impulses which are then converted to 2D or 3D moving pictures on the screen. A Doppler echocardiogram shows the movement of blood. If a clear picture cannot be formed a small amount of liquid can be injected via IV to give a better picture. [14] Echocardiograms show details of the chambers including size, volume and thickness of the walls which helps to identify certain disorders including hypertension, the pumping function can also be reviewed and this can show conditions such as cardiomyopathy. Echoes also help with diagnosis of heart valve disorders including those mentioned above. It identifies the basic structures of the valve including thickness and movement and shows any abnormalities such as calcification and scaring. The Doppler will show any leakage through the heart valves and if there is a restriction in blood flow. Echoes of mitral regurgitation will show a dilated left atrium and left ventricle and echoes of aortic Stenosis will show the thickened calcified leaflets. In cases of suspected endocarditis a transesophageal echo can be used instead to show high-quality images of the heart and its valves. It is slightly more invasive and a long tube is passed down the oesophagus. [15] A stethoscope is a non invasive diagnostic instrument used to listen to or auscultate a patients heart, lungs, pulse and abdomen. It can also be used to help check blood pressure by listening to blood flow restoration when the sphygmomanometer cuff is removed. The diaphragm is placed on the patients chest where it picks up vibrations and amplifies them as sounds to the earpieces going via a hollow tube. [16]http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Stethoscope_(PSF).png A healthy heart produces a double beat or lub dub with little other sound when the semi lunar valves open and close. A stethoscope helps detect a heart murmur which makes a whooshing sound after the heart beat, this can indicate serious other problems such as infective endocarditis. [17] [18] FIG.6 S Mutans adhering to surface of mitral valve Explain how oral derived bacterial flora can colonise heart valves Explain why the heart valves are susceptible to bacterial colonisation. Streptococcus mutans are a type of bacteria found in dental plaque of the oral cavity that is largely responsible for causing tooth decay and cavities via the process of demineralisation. However on occasion after dental treatment or from brushing the teeth if blood is exposed it can enter the blood stream and cause bacteraemia. Diseased Aortic Valve Endocarditis typically develops on surfaces of the heart, which have become rough and sticky after sustaining endothelial damage after being subject to turbulent blood flow. (In bicuspid valves blood flow is more turbulent and this creates a high pressure which makes the surface of the valve rough and more susceptible to bacterial colonisation). [19] Platelets and fibrin attach to the endochardium surface and form a platform which the bacteria can attach to; vegetation is now formed. This vegetation can damage the heart valves and affect how they open and close, or breakaway and cause complications in other areas of the body. The aortic and mitral valves of the left side of the heart are the most common to be affected. S mutants are thought to be responsible for 50% of all bacterial endocarditus cases. Staphylococci found on the skin can also cause it. [11] The risk of developing endocarditis is increased in a person who has already got artificial heart valves, general heart valve conditions, congenital birth defects, rheumatic fever and those with a lowered immune system. The problem with when bacteria colonises heart valves is that the valves dont have a designated blood supply to them so white blood cells are unable to fight the infection that is forming there. [20] [21]Full-size image (41 K) [22] FIG.7 Transthoracic echocardiogram (a) and apical four-chamber view (b) demonstrating a well circumscribed vegetation measuring 2 ÃÆ'- 1 cm, confined to the posterior mitral valve leaflet and impinging on the left atrium. Describe when prophylactic antibiotics should be prescribed prior to oral treatments. The term prophylactic antibiotics refer to when antibiotics are given prior to an event as a preventative measure to infection. Where rheumatic fever is still common, control and prevention will prevent rheumatic heart disease and associated endocarditis. [11]Previously people with heart valve conditions and artificial valves were thought to be at high risk of developing endocarditus when receiving dental treatment and other surgical operations so a treatment of antibiotics, usually penicillin were given prior to the procedure in question. Today however this practice is questioned as there were no placebo trials conducted. The large scale use of penicillin as a preventative measure comes with risks such as anaphylactic shock so now as recommended by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) it is mainly only offered to those patients who have an infection beforehand and those with artificial valves. Conclusion In conclusion to this PBL I now understand that the presence of bacteria in the blood can have serious consequences all over the body and not just at the site of entry. In answer to my uncles question about preventing infection it would be worth noting that meticulous oral and skin hygiene is significant in preventing such infections like endocarditis. With regards to oral hygiene a dentist should be seen at least every 6 months so any issues that may be present can be resolved before they develop further. Brushing twice a day, flossing and keeping ones toothbrush clean are always that can prevent bacteraemia.