Leshy, Slavic Spirit of the Forest

In Slavic mythology, Leshy (Leshii or Ljeschi, plural Leshiye) is a demon-god, a tree spirit who protects and defends the animals of the forests and marshes. Mostly benevolent or neutral to humans, the Leshy has aspects of the trickster type god and has been known to lead unwary travelers astray.   Key Takeaways: Leshy Alternate Names: Lesovik, Leshiye, Leszy, Boruta, Borowy, Lesnik, Mezhsargs, Mishko VelniasEquivalent: Satyr, Pan, Centaur (all Greek)  Epithets: Old Man of the ForestCulture/Country: Slavic mythology, central EuropeRealms and Powers: Wooded areas, marshes; trickster godFamily: Leschachikha (wife) and several children Leshy in Slavic Mythology   The Leshy (or lower case leshy) is the Old Man of the Forest, and Russian peasants send their children to him to be taught. When he has the appearance of a man, his eyebrows, eyelashes, and right ear are missing. His head is somewhat pointed and he lacks a hat and a belt.   He lives alone or with his family—a wife named Leschachikha who is a fallen or cursed human woman who left her village to reside with him. They have children, and some of them are theirs and others are children who have gone missing in the forest.   Cult sites dedicated to the Leshy are known in sacred trees or groves; the Leshy feast day is celebrated on September 27.   Appearance and Reputation   When the Leshy resembles an old man, he is extremely wizened and covered from head to foot with long, tangled green hair or fur. As a giant, he has stars for eyes and as he walks he causes the wind to blow. His skin is as rough as the bark of a tree, and because his blood is blue, his skin is tinged with that color. He is seldom seen, but often heard whistling, laughing, or singing among the trees or marshes.   eshy. Illustration to the poem Ruslan and Lyudmila by A. Pushkin, 1921-1926. Private Collection. Artist Chekhonin, Sergei Vasilievich (1878-1936). Heritage Images  /  Getty Images Some stories describe him with horns and cloven hooves; he wears his shoes on the wrong feet and doesnt cast a shadow. In some tales, he is as tall as a mountain when he is in the forest, but shrinks to the size of a blade of grass when he steps outside. In others, he is very tall when far away but reduces to the size of a mushroom when he is nearby.   Role in Mythology Leshy is also a shape-changer, who can take the shape of any animal, especially wolves or bears, who are the receivers of his special protection. People who are kind to Leshy when they meet are often recipients of gifts: in folk tales, cattle are tended for poor peasants, and princes are guided on quests and find their proper princesses.   Leshy is also prone to abducting babies who have not been baptized, or children who entered the forest to pick berries or fish. He leads people astray in the forest, getting them hopelessly lost, and he has been known to drop into a wayside tavern for a visit, drink a bucket of vodka, then lead his pack of wolves back into the forest.   People who find they have annoyed a leshy or find themselves lost in the woods are advised to make the leshy laugh. Taking off all your clothes, putting them on backward, and switching your shoes to the wrong feet generally does the trick. You can also drive them away by prayers alternating with curses, or apply salt to a fire.   Leshy Lifestyles In some stories, Leshy inhabits an enormous palace with comrade leshiye, as well as serpents and beasts of the forest. The leshiye spend the winters in hibernation, and every spring, whole tribes of them run amok through the woods yelling and screaming and raping any women they find. In summer, they play tricks on humans but rarely harm them, and in autumn, they are more quarrelsome, wanting to fight and frighten off creatures and humans alike. At the end of the year when the leaves drop off the trees, the leshiye disappear again back into hibernation.   Sources and Further Reading Haney, Jack V. (ed.) The Complete Russian Folktale: Russian Wondertales II: Tales of Magic and the Supernatural. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2001Leeming, David. The Oxford Companion to World Mythology. Oxford UK: Oxford University Press, 2005. Print.Ralston, W.R.S. The Songs of the Russian People, as Illustrative of Slavonic Mythology and Russian Social Life. London: Ellis Green, 1872. Print.Sherman, Josepha. Storytelling: An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore. London, Routledge, 2015.  Troshkova, Anna O., et al. Folklorism of the Contemporary Youth’s Creative Work. Space and Culture, India 6 (2018). Print.

What Is Telehealth, The Benefits Of Health Care...

The need to achieve the triple aim established by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, of improved patient outcomes and access to care and cost savings to the health care system motivates healthcare organizations to implement telehealth services or expand their virtual services. Hospitals are implementing telehealth to avoid unnecessary visits and give patients, most especially in rural areas, easier and faster access to medical care (Aston, 2015, p. 22). The use of telehealth has the potential to improve the quality of care, health outcomes, and patient satisfaction and lower health care costs if use appropriately (Grube, Kaufman, Clarin, O’Riordan, 2016, p.43). This paper will discuss about telehealth, the benefits of telehealth and the barriers to telehealth adaptation. 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Audit and Assurance Value Measurements and Complex Estimates

Question: Describe about the Audit and Assurance for Value Measurements and Complex Estimates. Answer: 1 - Business Risk and Inherent Risk Assessment: a It is evident that the business risk of HIH is interrelated to the global, local and the control environmental factors. The risk is based on the understanding of the insurance sector along with the operational functionality of HIH so that it can fit itself under the risk evaluation parameters Assessing the profitability and the structure: One of the best approach for assessing the business risk of HIH is assessing the profitability and the structure of the industry under which it operates. This will help in assessing the competitive environment of the industry regarding the rise in competition with the increase in price range. Because of risk assessment, handling of insurance in Australian industry becomes relatively easier who are new to the industrial regulations (Glover et al., 2016). The insurance and the superannuation commission of is the regulatory body of Australia holding the Australian Prudential Regulatory Authority. Determining the insolvency risk: There are numerous procedures to decide the insolvency in terms of evaluating the roles of the risk assessment, which are based on the measurement of auditing risks. There are universal conformities, which are designed to clutch the ability so that it can meet the amount overdue of the company. By taking the help of profitability structure and liquidation risk, there is a much necessary need to emphasis the focus on the business corporation, which will have small numbers of customers to commence the industry (Griffiths, 2012). The conceptual framework is related to the capacity of meeting the debts of the company. Thus, there is a need to determine the solvency of the company which ultimately assessing the financial and the non-financial considerations. 1.b The risk, which HIH currently has the ability to handle, is related to the auditing risk elements since it enables the issue of unqualified audit having its base on the certain class of financial reports. These are usually based on holding the procedure and planning in accordance with the risk such as, inherent risk, control risk and detection risk. Inherent risk: The risk is concerned, with the risk of the financial statement where the HIH insurance company includes the preservation of the solvency margins, charging sufficient premiums and the liquidity factor of the organizations (Kogan et al., 2014). This consists of reinsuring the certain different policies as well as providing the file of marine insurance practices which largely from the professions of insurance. Control risk: The control risk contains the material inaccuracy which the internal control system fails to identify. For HIH, it has been understood that the completeness and accuracy of the general ledger for reconciliation of the ledger and the bank account that has not been performed by the organizations (Griffiths, 2012). The financial position of the organizations is based on the degree of difference amid substantive process, which emphasizes a greater degree of reliance on external procedure of documentation. The addition of the ledger accounts and the different bank accounts helps in the valuation of physical assets of the organizations. Detection of risk: The conceptual framework of risk detection is concerned with the different procedures of performing audit, which is based on the financial performance, that do not detect the errors in material or any assertions (Shin et al., 2014). This shows that the HIH must work on the timely planning and effectively reduce the circumstances of failure to identify the material misstatement. It is observed that HIH internal documents are unable to conduct the appropriate substantive procedures, as this will help to deal with better performance of insufficient planning and goodwill for future tax benefits. 2 Legal Liability: a. This relates to the issue of unqualified audit procedure concerning the audit risk, which is not managed by the organization. The auditors have limited understanding of the inherent risk, which remains unrecognized from the alterations made in the previous year by HIH. The major weight that is brought forward on the auditing report, reflects the auditing practices followed by the HIH (Abbas Iqbal, 2012). The auditor does not completely investigate the auditing practices, which it can notify to the different practices. The issues are usually related to the inadequate auditors independence, which is related with the presentation of the non-auditing work and understanding the HIH business operations due to high business risk. For clients: The focus is based on the financial position of the organizations presenting the inadequate planning of goodwill as well for the deferred acquisition cost and the income tax benefits. It is reflected that if customers employ former auditors then this will create a major effect on the liberty of the external auditing. The study highlights that the former auditors have been holding a good collaboration with the auditing team. This consists of holding up higher influence on the current auditors depending upon the authority (Schmidt et al., 2016). It is noteworthy to denote that there is a presence of good relations between former auditors and the existing auditors as they have the ability to identify and handle the problems with the related customers, which they hold. For creditors: The creditors need to stress on the smallest amount of solvency requirement, under which the organization can remain solvent at the time of announcement of director. The reports are interrelated with the determination of management based on going concern. It is noteworthy to denote that HIH must put their focus on the liquidity position of the organization where the liquidity position is mainly concerned with the operational and financial activities of HIH (Schmidt et al., 2016). The risk was primarily concerned with the pricing ability and outstanding claims of the organizations in compliance with the reservation policy of HIH for handling and working on the investments decisions. The representations is based on the proper treatment of the provisions where there is a need for prudential margins. 2.b The conditions, which have paved the way for negligence actions of HIH insurance is primarily concerned with the accelerations of the alterations, made in the legislations. It is evident from the study that combinations of inferior risk pricing ability, reckless investments and under-reserving the policies led to exhaustion of financial resources of group. Flawed corporate governance practices of HIH: Based on the study, it is argued that deeper reasons for corporations bankruptcy largely comprises of the agency cost problem arising from the agency conflict amid the proprietors, managers and the debtors within the organizations. A large area of the problems was related to the alterations, which are politically reinforced with direct liability pattern of the government. The commencement of the legislative changes is related with the public liabilities and inadequate risk management plays the role for in appropriate management. Evidence provides that inadequate risk management is due to the failure in shaping the management policies and practices (Pitt, 2014). The directors have been careless to evaluate the strategy for investment with appreciation of risk, which is concerned with different sources of information. Lack of independence for non-executive director: From the previously mentioned information, it is understood that liberty of the non-executive directors is worthy to be questioned and most certainly, it is not as ideal as it appears to be. Among the five executive directors, two directors are past partner of Arthur Anderson secretarial firm. It was seen that HIH had paid a sum of $1.7 million to Anderson for auditing services along with this a sum of $1.631 million for the provision of non-auditing services (Bagshaw, 2013). As it is understood that, auditing services is recognized as main source of detractions from the independent auditor and other related directors. Either directly or indirectly, the practices of corporate governance of HIH are responsible for negligence actions, which clearly defines that the guiding principle or course of action due to lack independent analysis of the management. Lack of independence information resources: It is widespread evident that the accounting systems plays a significant role in the functions of commercial supremacy systems. For an organization like HIH, it is not practicable for the non-executive directors to gather and process the information essential for them to execute the responsibilities of their directors (Pitt, 2014). Therefore, the non-executive directors responsibilities has to be compromised as because there is no alternatives but to remain dependent on the accounting systems prepared and directed by the management. Unquestionably, this symbolizes inherent risks of the business systems. 3- Ethics: a The focus has been on the inadequate evidence before the releasing the audit report with the changes that has been made concerning different accounts. On the introduction of close relationships with the non-auditing services has lead to the refusal of paid auditing services (Bagshaw, 2013). HIH wanted to hire the members for its external audit team are due to following reasons; To auditors were familiar to the company The auditors are thought to have the efficient experience with the different financial and pecuniary matters The management is based on the holding up the work of audit in order to develop a strong relationship with the external auditors. The auditors need to have faith on the executives of clients to such an extent that it is not restricting the freedom of the external auditors. The auditors need to preserve the professional skepticism, which executes the managerial activities of the companies, as the management and the auditors are unable to manage the financial statement. 3.b The auditing companies should provide the non-auditing services with the management consultancy providing advice on the subjects which is related to tax. This will enable the company to provide auditing as well as non-auditing service to the clients. The purpose should be based on the handling the reliance where the information of the clients is centrally related with the sources of income. On the other hand, conflict of interest is set to provide the auditing and the consulting services a set of discrepancies amid the management and the executives. The auditors hold the reports regarding the financial situations with the objectives of profit maximization of the organizations. The advantage of having the same firm provides the both auditing and consulting services as they are based on handling the audit activities of the business. Such facilities help in holding up the change for different impaired reports (Messier, 2016). The reports are based on identifying the errors of the company as it facilitates the auditors and the consultant to manage the information of clients. Such measures help in covering up the mistakes and provide compilation of the management reports. The regulatory measures is best solution to determine the accuracy of the financial reports where offering such services are beneficial for several accounting firms. 3.c It was observed that the members of the organizations were not honest in discharge of their duties as they used to provide false and misleading information. Several of its members were involved in unethical practices where they fail act honestly in discharge of their duties. Arthur Andersen deteriorated the situations with the subsequent collapse of the Enron. The organization also found him guilty of obstructing the justice for the destructions of the work papers (Rikhardsson Dull, 2016). Such circumstances represent a violation of the ethical standard of the organization, which is beyond the ethical limit for any corporate firms. The employees should commit themselves in discharge of their ethical duties while dealing with their customers. The statement is based on the conducting the rules and regulations with appropriate codes and corporate standards. This consists of disclosure of information for appropriate accounting practices. 3.d The report recommends the policies regarding the governance and the financial reporting under the CLERP 9 amendments, which are as follows; Lead engagement partner and review the rotation of partner after five years which should extend to key senior audit personnel as well; The waiting period for audit partners to join a company board or any top management should be extended from two years to four years, which should also include the senior personnel of the audit firms involved in the auditing activities. Generally, the above stated recommendations are aimed at recognizing and addressing the issues for the corporate groups. The recommendations are aimed at improving the financial reporting and audit functions in order to disclose the mattes, which affects the audit independence and disclosure of additional financial informations. The recommendations are aimed to recognize the responsibility by spreading the long chain of managerial functions necessarily to be performed by the employees. Reference list: Abbas, Q., Iqbal, J. (2012). Internal Control System: Analyzing Theoretical Perspective and Practices.Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research,12(4), 530-538. Bagshaw, K. (2013).Audit and Assurance Essentials: For Professional Accountancy Exams. John Wiley Sons. Bebbington, J., Unerman, J., O'Dwyer, B. (2014).Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge. Glover, S. M., Taylor, M. H., Wu, Y. J. (2016). Current Practices and Challenges in Auditing Fair Value Measurements and Complex Estimates: Implications for Auditing Standards and the Academy.Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory. Griffiths, M. P. (2012).Risk-based auditing. Gower Publishing, Ltd.. Kogan, A., Alles, M. G., Vasarhelyi, M. A., Wu, J. (2014). Design and evaluation of a continuous data level auditing system.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,33(4), 221-245. Messier Jr, W. (2016).Auditing assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Pitt, S. A. (2014). Internal audit quality. Rikhardsson, P., Dull, R. (2016). An exploratory study of the adoption, application and impacts of continuous auditing technologies in small businesses.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,20, 26-37. Schmidt, P. J., Wood, J. T., Grabski, S. V. (2016). Business in the Cloud: Research Questions on Governance, Audit and Assurance.Journal of Information Systems. Shin, I. H., Lee, M. G., Park, W. (2013). Implementation of the continuous auditing system in the ERP-based environment.Managerial Auditing Journal,28(7), 592-627. Gaber, M., Lusk, E. J. (2015). Account Screening: Rationalizing The Extendedprocedures Decision in The Audit Context.EXCEL International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies,5(9), 1-20. Christensen, B. E., Glover, S. M., Wood, D. A. (2012). Extreme estimation uncertainty in fair value estimates: Implications for audit assurance.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,31(1), 127-146. William Jr, M., Glover, S., Prawitt, D. (2016). Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach.Auditing and Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach. Christensen, B. E., Glover, S. M., Wood, D. A. (2013). Extreme estimation uncertainty and audit assurance.Current Issues in Auditing,7(1), P36-P42. Ricchiute, D. N. (2012).Auditing and assurance services. South Western Educational Publishing.

Greek Architecture Doric Columns Essay Example

Greek Architecture: Doric Columns Essay Greek architecture began with thefirst people of the Greek peninsula, who were the Neolithic, they built very basic structures.Homes were usually built in a rectangular shape.They used mud bricks and stones in the mud with reeds or brush to help build the house.Most of the homes had one room, very rarely were homes built with two. The next part of early civilization architecture came with the rise of the Minoans.Their towns were mostly residential with little or no temples and public places.Unlike the Neolithic, their houses were private and had many rooms.Different rooms would be distinguished by the use of pillars, making the house very open.Stairways were also a feature that was different in the Minoan civilization from earlier people. During the period of Classical Greek architecture, three orders of architecture came to be. The three orders were the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.Each order was mainly known for their style of column.These different orders were most commonly seen in their temples.The most basic order for their temples was the Doric order. Doric architecture was known for being used by the Spartans. Doric order was brought to the world by the Dorians between the 6th and 10th century B.C., this was thefirst definite system of construction was established.Dorian construction consisted of walls which were made of sun-dried bricks, roofs, columns, and uprights made of wood. This type of column originated as a wood column, and later progressed into stone.Later on marble was used instead. The Doric column was the simplest of the three.It had no base and stood directly on the floor of the building.The column was topped by a plain capital, which was a convex disk called an echinus, and a square block called and abacus.This capital was formed from a single piece of marble.Just beneath the echinus is the neck of the column, the hypotrachelion, which was a continuation of the co

International Trade Beneficial and Dangerous Dependency Between Countries

Abstract The growth of international trade started gradually way back in the 19th century mainly through regional trading blocs. It experienced great growth until the First World War and remained low throughout the inter war period. After the Second World War, it has experienced growth partly due to the formation of regulating mechanisms. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade: Beneficial and Dangerous Dependency Between Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The concepts of world output and international trade have become important indicators of trade patterns in the world. Due to the growth in international trade, both beneficial and dangerous dependency has developed between countries. Introduction International trade covers doing business across borders or territories that includes buying and selling of goods and services as the core elements of business. It represents exports form a compan y to another company based in a different country and its indication hinges on the country’s constant price Gross domestic product. World output on the other hand, depends on the volume of exports by the various countries around the world. Both are important indicators of the trade patterns and consequently the growth of various economies. Moreover, international trade balance is important as it reduces cost of some goods through specialization and makes other goods available. The relation between the two is that of a trade-led growth, which infers that expansion of international trade leads to an increase in the world output. This has been the case since the post war economic growth that took place after the Second World War (Grimwade, 2000, p.10). During the inter-war period, international trading was almost nil as the countries encouraged protectionism (Michie Smith, 1995, p.7). In the post war period the international market became more open to trading and regulatory b odies like the World Trade Organization (WTO) and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) were formed. It is through this security of a regulated market that international trade has thrived consequently leading to an increase in the world output in the recent years. There has been a rise in specialization as indicated by the high ratio of international trade to world output. This increase in specialization especially in the area of manufacturing has led to an expansion of world trade and also the world output as the specialized companies export more.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The general pattern of international trade has remained almost stable over the years. In broad terms, countries with low incomes tend to export products that are more primary while those with high income export more of secondary or manufactured goods. This observed trend arises because num erous industries in developed countries require raw material obtained from the developing countries while they in turn require the manufactured goods. Another trend is the stability of trade between countries. Trade involving high-income countries tends to be stable as well as that among neighboring countries. Further, the trade between a country and their former colony is stable (Kreinin Plummer, 2004, p.101). The reason for the latter two may be the degree of trust and engagements that the countries have developed among themselves. For the former, an assurance of a ready market may be the cause of the observed stability. The importance of international trade stands out in the way countries have become interdependent. In the United States, tea is grown in very few places and is mostly imported to meet the national demand. This means that most US citizens would have to do without tea if international trade came to an abrupt end. Worse off would be countries like Kenya which impo rt all the oil used in their country (United Nations, 2005, p. 546). This interdependence also shows how greatly the international trade has grown. The increase in international trade and world output are good indicators of trends in trade. They contribute to the growth of most economies in the world through specialization goods produced and services offered. However, the inter-dependence that they create may be dangerous as one country’s downfall may take with it its trade partners. Reference List Grimwade, N. (2000). International trade: new patterns of trade, production investment. New York: Routledge press.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Trade: Beneficial and Dangerous Dependency Between Countries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kreinin, M. E., Plummer, M. G. (2004). Empirical Methods in International Trade: Essays in Honor of Mordechai Kreinin. New York: Edward Elgar Publishing. Mi chie, J., Smith, J. G. (1995). Managing the Global Economy. New York: Oxford University Press. United Nations. (2005). International Trade Statistics Yearbook 2005: Trade by Country. New York: United Nations. This essay on International Trade: Beneficial and Dangerous Dependency Between Countries was written and submitted by user JessicaJones to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Expanding Descriptive Verb Use

Expanding Descriptive Verb Use One of the most important steps in improving writing skills is expanding the use of more descriptive language when describing actions. Students tend to repeat verb usage: He said..., She told him..., She asked..., He ran quickly..., He walked across the room.... The target of this lesson plan is to get students more aware of the subtle variations that they can employ by using more descriptive verbs such as: He insisted on..., She giggled..., They nibbled on..., etc. Aim Improve descriptive verb usage in writing Activity Vocabulary expansion activity followed by writing activity focusing on expanding on a bare-bones extract Level Upper intermediate to advanced Outline Write the verbs say, laugh, walk, eat, think, drink on the board and ask students to divide into small groups to think up as many synonyms for these verbs as they can.Once students have finished this exercise, pool the results together as a class. You may want to have a student take notes and photocopy the class results.Have students return to their groups to do the exercise below matching general meaning verbs to more specific verbs.Once students have finished, compare answers as a class. Your acting abilities might be called for to explain the subtle differences between a number of the verbs.Next, ask students to write a simple story about something that has recently happened to them. Instruct them to use simple verbs such as say, do, make, tell, walk, etc.Have students pair up and exchange their stories. Each student should then elaborate the texts of the other student by using as many verbs previously studied as they can.Once students have finished and compared their stories, the class can have some fun reading the stories aloud. Interesting Writing Match the more specific verbs to the general meaning verbs in column one.​ General Verbs tell move say laugh eat drink throw run move hold walk Specific Verbs exclaim toss stagger munch slurp twist writhe hurl sip order swallow insist giggle clutch fidget chuckle sprint mutter wander instruct nibble gulp snigger lob hug trudge munch jog mention wriggle bend grasp stagger whisper pass swallow Related Lessons Writing Storms Short writing exercises on assigned tasks Basic Essay Writing Style An overview of basic essay writing style

Affirmative Action v. Quotas, disparate treatment and disparate Coursework

Affirmative Action v. Quotas, disparate treatment and disparate impact, employment at will - Coursework Example Quotas, on the other hand, refer to a set number or percentage for the representation of people of a given group. The main difference between affirmative action and quotas is that while affirmative action has no set minimum percentages for the representation of a protected group, quotas provide this. This makes quotas easier to monitor considered that the criteria for determining whether or not an institution has complied is predetermined. Disparate impact is easier to prove compared to disparate treatment. While disparate impact involves focuses on discriminatory consequences, disparate treatment looks at discriminatory intent. One would, therefore, suppose that it is easier to establish the consequences of discrimination than to establish the intention of discrimination. Proof of discriminatory motive does not, therefore, is not part of the disparate-impact theory. This implies that establishing the consequences of discrimination within an institution does not involve the contributions of an institution’s management as it is the case with establishing the motive behind discrimination. The employment-at-will doctrine refers to the common rule that an employment contract with no defined duration can be terminated by either the employer or the employee at any time without the party terminating the contract having to provide good reasons for doing so. This doctrine goes against the â€Å"good will† requirement advocated by employee unions. Unlike the at-will doctrine, the good will requirement supposes that employers need to demonstrate that it is for a good cause that they intend to terminate an employee’s

Bridge design Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Bridge design - Coursework Example This old bridge carries gas pipelines along with phone cables which are needed to be accommodated in new design as well. Also this bridge provides a secondary path over the railway lines, thus providing an easy and safe transportation of pedestrians across the railway lines. Idea of stayed bridge was first introduced in 16th century which was then furnished to produce an engineered cable stayed bridge after Second World War. This engineered bridge was constructed in Europe to provide pedestrians with the shortest path to their destination. Cable stayed bridges are considered to be like ordinary suspension bridge as their physical appearance resemble a lot. These bridges differ from suspension bridges in a way that the suspension bridges are having two towers but cable stayed bridges make use of only a single tower to hold all the load of deck and traffic moving on the deck. In cable stayed bridges, the single tower is responsible of holding all the compressional forces acting on the bridge and tension is distributed by making use of stays. Such bridges are having specialized orthotropic decks which are furnished with continuous girders and stays for support. The analysis of such bridges is carried out by making use of linear elastic analysis. This technique is used because of the triangulated force approach used in the construction of stayed bridge. In real time applications, bridge is subjected to a number of torsional and shear forces that are being applied through the environment like, air currents, deformation of structure, load distributions etc. but currently we are not concerned with these parameters and considering only the live and dead loads. A typical suspension bridge force vector is shown below: The purpose of conducting this research is to come up with the best bridge design which is economically as well as socially feasible. Major concern is to construct a project which can be conveniently handled by the crew of county works while erecting

Sources of Government Power in a Nation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sources of Government Power in a Nation - Essay Example In the introductory paragraph, the paper mentions two major forms of governments. These forms are the major sources of government power. Monarchical government is a form of government that is disliked by many nations due to its nature that one becomes the leader of a nation whether the Nationals like it or not. Citizens will always want to hear an individual’s ideological ability. Various nations have their cultural and political beliefs and would expect to have them maintained. With the hereditary monarchy, nationals are not able to evaluate and choose their leaders. An example is the Great Britain where the newborn King William has to become the next king. The king may not bother to maintain the doctrines of the nation because of the guarantee of leadership assured. Family leadership is a duplication of the same leadership since it comes from the same people. This means that the prince will emulate father’s governance, limiting the chances of change in the country. Ac cording to; â€Å"Globalizing Democracy† by Fierlbeck K., a potential leader proves to nationals of fulfilling the promises made to citizens, unlike hereditary monarchy. The promises one makes should be factual and ones that cope with the doctrines of the country. Once somebody has gotten into power, he/she gets the strength to either fulfill the promises made to nationals or not. This is because of the superiority one gets, overlooking the voters who took him/her to the same power. This now creates domination (Fierlbeck 22).

Human Resource Planning and Development: Tesco

Human Resource Planning and Development: Tesco Introduction of Tesco Jack Cohen founded Tesco in 1919 when he began to sell surplus groceries from a stall in the east end on London. The Tesco brand first appeared in 1924. Jack Cohen made new label using the first three letters of suppliers name (TES) and the first tow letter of his surname (Co), forming the word TESCO. The first Tesco store was opened in 1992 in Burnt oak, Edgware, Middlesex. Tesco was floated in London stock exchange in 1947 as Tesco Stores (Holding) Limited. The first self service store opened in St. Albans in 1951 and the first supermarket in Maldon in 1956. Tesco is one of the worlds leading international retailers. Nowadays it deals in different sectors like telecom, online services, clothing, insurance, electronics, fuel etc, but the principal activity of the Tesco group is food retailing and it has over 2,500 stores worldwide. Tesco is public owned company its major shareholders as of 2004 were [1] Barclays Global Investors (3.82%) Legal and general (2.79%) Schroder investment Mgt Ltd (2.87%) State street global Advisors (2.73%) Axa Investment Manager (2.63%) Threadneedle Investments (2.63%) Scottish windows (2.08%) M G Investment Mgt Ltd (1.99%) Morley fund Management (1.88%) USB Global Asset Company Profile It is one of the biggest retailer companies in the world which has 702 stores in UK and employee 240,000 people. It originally caters in food but expanded it scope of services to clothing, finance services, electronic, etc. Company strategy is to focus on long term business. Tesco start self service supermarket in US in 1930s. After 20 years Tesco has become a familiar name not only for groceries but also for fresh food, clothing and hundreds of household goods in 1940s. Tesco has built its 100th superstore by 1985 and in 1987. By 1991 the success of its petrol filling station earned for the company Britishs biggest independent petrol retailer. It broke new level in food retailer in 1995 the first customer loyalty card, which offer benefit to regular customer and other different kinds of offers was given to customer like Tesco Baby club for new parents. Tesco acquire the HIT chain of hypermarkets in Poland in July 2002. By the end of 2002/2003 Tesco had 45 percent of its space overseas. Tesco has developed various kinds of Tesco stores like Tesco Extra, Metro Tesco, and Tesco Express. The grocery store is also offer club card for the customer from which a significant 80% of the sales are transacted.after certain points Tesco gives voucher to the customer to met with a similar success as over a billion vouchers are already given away. The market share is now 16.2%. Tesco operate 4 store formats in the UK. Introduction to Human Resource Management Human resources are the people that work for an organisation, and Human Resource Management is concerned with how these people are managed. However, the term Human Resource Management (HRM) has come to mean more than this because people are different from the other resources that work for an organisation. People have thoughts and feelings, aspirations and needs. The term HRM has thus come to refer to an approach, which takes into account: The need of organization The need of its people Different individuals have their own needs and aspirations. HRM therefore involves finding out about the needs and aspirations of individual employees, for example through the appraisal process and then creating the opportunities within the organisation (e.g. through job enlargement) and outside the organisation for employees to improve themselves. HRM therefore relates to every aspect of the way in which the organisation interacts with its people, e.g. by providing training and development opportunities, appraisal to find out about individual needs, training and development needs analysis, etc. Three key activities of HRM in TESCO Manpower planning: Planning staff levels requires that an assessment of present and future needs of the organization be compared with present resources and future predicted resources. Appropriate steps then be planned to bring demand and supply into balance. Thus the first step is to take a rough sketch of the existing workforce profile (number, skills, ages etc) of existing employees and then audit for 1,3 and 10 years ahead by amendments for normal turnover, planned staff movements, retirements etc in line with the business plan for the corresponding time frames. What future demands will be is only influenced in part by the forecast of the personnel manager, whose main task may well be to scrutinize and modify the crude predictions of other managers. Future staff needs will derive from: Sales and production forecasts The effects of technological change on task needs Variations in the efficiency, productivity, flexibility of labour as a result of training, work study, organizational change, new motivations, etc. Changes in employment practice Variation which respond to new legislation, eg. Payroll taxes or their abolition, new health and safety requirements Changes in government policies. What should emerge from this blue sky gazing is a thought out and logical staffing demand schedule for varying dates in the future which can then be compared with the crude supply schedules. The comparisons will then indicates what steps must be taken to achieve a balance. That in turn will involve the further planning of such recruitment, training, retraining and labour reductions or change in workforce utilization as will bring supply and demand into equilibrium, not just as a one off but as a continuing workforce planning exercise the inputs to which will need constant varying to reflect actual as against predicted experience on the supply side and changes in production actually achieved as against forecast on the demand side. Recruitment and selection: The overall aim of the recruitment and selection process should be to obtain at minimum cost the number and quality of employees required to satisfy the human resource needs of Tesco. The three stages of recruitment and selections are Defining recruitments Attracting candidates Selecting candidates The number and categories of people required should be specified in the recruitment programme, which is derived from human resource plan. In addition there will be demands for replacements or for new jobs to be filled, and these demands should be checked to ensure that they are justified. It may be particularly necessary to check on the need for a replacement of the level of type of employee that is specified. These provide the basic information required to draft advertisements, brief agencies or recruitment consultants, and assess candidates. A role profile listing competences skill, educational and experience requirements produces the job criteria against which candidates will be assessed at the interview of by means of psychological tests. Attracting candidates: Attracting candidates is primarily a matter of identifying, evaluating and using the most appropriate sources of applicants. However in cases where difficulties in attracting or retaining candidates are being met or anticipated, it may be necessary to carry out a preliminary study of the factors that are likely to attract or repel candidates the strengths and weakness of the organization as an employer. Advertising is the most obvious method of attracting candidates. Tesco basically advertise its vacancy on its web site. This means looking at the alternative sources mentioned above and confirming preferably on the basis of experience, that they will not do. Consideration should be given as to whether it might be better to use an agency of a selection consultant. When making the choice, refer to the three criteria of cost, speed and the likelihood of providing good candidates. The objectives of an advertisement should be to attract attention, create and maintain interest and stimulate action. Employee Motivation: Tesco employees are encouraged to ask themselves strategic questions in order to assess their skills and ability to progress. Employee motivation is important for the organisation. It is one of the basic activities needed for the smooth running of an organization. To retain good staff and to encourage them to give of their best while at work requires attention to the financial and psychological and even physiological rewards offered by the organization as a continuous exercise. Basic financial rewards and conditions of services are determined externally in many occupations but as much as 50 % of the gross pay of manual workers is often the result of local negotiations and details of conditions of services are often more important than the basics. Hence there is scope for financial and other motivations to be used at local levels. As staff needs vary will vary with productivity of the workforce so good personnel policies are desirable. The latter can depends upon Other factor but unless the wage packet is accepted as fair and just there will be no motivation. Following are the motivation techniques Celebrating annual holidays: the regular celebration of annual events help form the company culture, the environment you provide for people at work. Tesco gives pay holiday for its employee which will motivate its employee. If the workers are involved in creative work by which they share their ideas and culture with each other which helps keep the culture of an organization well. Tesco provides different kinds of bonuses and voucher to its employee which helps to motivate them. Ranking the workers and giving them the rewards which help employee to spend all their time at work place and company gain good profit from this. Providing benefit, medical treatment and basic requirement facilities to the workers motivate workers to give good output to an organization Human Resource Management Models of Tesco: This company has introduced a high commitment model which offers training and development to all employees. They have developed their culture through extending their logo every little helps to prove commitment. This organisation was chosen, through their introduction of strategies which has led to an increase in business. This has demonstrated they are a first class provider of training to their employments, and has given opportunity to expand into new markets. The matching Model The early HRM model developed by Fombrun emphasizes the interrelatedness and the coherence of human resource management activities. The human resource management cycle in their model consist of four constituent components: Selection, appraisal, development and reward these four human resource activities aim to increase organizational performance. Rewards Performance Performance Management Selection Human Resource Development This model also ignores different stakeholder interests, situational factors and the notion of managements strategies choice. The strength of the model however is that it express the coherence of internal HRM polices and the importance of matching internal HRM policies and practices to the organizations external business strategy. The HRM cycle is also a simple model that serves as a pedagogical framework for explaining the nature and significance of key HR practices and the interactions among the factors making up the complex fields of human resource management. As we progress through the book, we will refer to the HRM cycle to explain the relationship of each individual HRM function to other HRM practices. The Harvard model of HRM The analytical framework of the Harvard model offered by Beet consists of six basic components: Situational factors Stakeholder interests Human resource management policy choices HR outcomes Long-term consequences A feedback loop through which the outputs flow directly into the organization and to the stakeholders The situational factors influence managements choice of HR strategy. This normative model incorporates workforce characteristics, management philosophy, labour market regulations, societal values and patterns of unionization, and suggests a meshing of both product market and socio-cultural . The framework is based on the belief that the problems of historical personnel management can only be solved when general managers develop a viewpoint of how they wish to see employees involved in and developed by the enterprise, and of what HRM policies and practices may achieve those goals. Without either a central philosophy or a strategic vision- which can be provided only by general manager- HRM is likely to remain a set of independent activities, each guided by its own practice tradition. Beer and his colleagues believed that today many pressures are demanding a broader, more comprehensive and more strategic perspective with regard to the organizations human resources. These pressures have created a need for a longer- term perspective in managing people and consideration of people as potential assets rather than merely a variable cost. They were the first to underline the HRM tenet that HRM belongs to line managers. They also state that Human resource management involves all management decisions and action that affect the nature of the relationship between the organization and its employees- its human resources. They suggest two characteristic features one is line managers accept more responsibility for ensuring the alignment of competitive policies that govern how personnel activities are developed and implemented in ways that make them more mutually reinforcing. Human Resource Planning and Development for Tesco Every organisation has its own HR planning and development process under consideration. Human resource planning is indeed concerned with broader issues about the employment of people than the traditional qualitative approaches of manpower planning. Appraisal of HR Planning Training and Development Programme Selection Process Recruitment Plan Determine Job Requirement Work Study Demand forecasting Inventory of HR skills (Findings Gaps) Objective of HR Planning Fig: The Process of Human Resource Planning Objectives of Manpower Planning:- The persons concerned with manpower planning must be clear about goals of manpower planning because once the wrong forecast of future requirement of human resources are made, it may not be possible to rectify the errors in short-run. Inventory of Skills: Assessment of demand for operating personnel presents less problems of uncertainty current manpower supply can be adjusted accordingly. But for supervisory and managerial levels projection is complex problem because required talents are not available at a short notice. This will also help in drawing recruitment development plans to meet the needs of certain skills future. Demand Forecasting: A proper forecast of manpower required in future say, after one year, two years so on must be attempted. The factors relevant for manpower forecasting are as follows. (i) Employment Trends: Manpower planning committee examine number of employees on pay roll during past 5 year to know trend within each group to determine whether particular group has been stable or unstable. (ii) Replacement Needs: if staffs leave the job due to death, retirement, resignation termination of employees. It may relate to supervisory, skilled, clerical groups and must be anticipated in advance. In this case the HR planner set a develop plan to replace staff. (iii) Productivity: Gain in productivity will also influence requirements of manpower. Planning for productivity has several aspects. The first aspect relates to effective utilisation of manpower. The second aspect relates to installation of more productive tools, equipments. The last aspect relates to matching of skills with requirements of jobs. (v) Absenteeism: Means a situation when a person fails to come for work when he is scheduled to work. Due to absenteeism work get upset leading to overtime work which in turn leads to increased cost of production. The management should go into cause of absenteeism attempt to reduce absentism as far as possible. (vi) Work Study: Can be used when it is possible to apply work measurement to know how long operations should take amount of labour required. This is also known as workload analysis. Job Requirements: Job assessment is done to find out the requirements of the worker, like if employee needs any help from the managerial side, if they need any type of benefits and support from other. If they need to transfer form one department to another, whether the number of staff is low or high and so on. Employment Plans: This phase deals with planning how organisation can obtain required number of right type of personnel as reflected by personnel forecasts. Training Development Programme: Training is essential not only for new employees but also for old employees for improving their performance. Similarly executive development programmes have to be devised for development of managerial personnel. The talent of employees are not fully productive without a systematic programme of training development. Appraisal of Manpower Planning: After training programmes have been implemented, an appraisal must be made of effectiveness of manpower planning. Deficiencies in programs should be pointed out catalogue of manpower inventory should be updated periodically. Connective actions should also be taken whenever it is necessary to remove deficiencies in manpower planning. Evaluation of HRM planning and development methods of Tesco According to the method described is one of the best methods for HR planning and development method. By following the above method an HR department of an organization is good at organizing the manpower. It covers the methods form the beginning of the recruitment process to management level. It first evaluate whether the employee is needed or not then after is set up a plan for the recruitment process and goes on to the recruitment process. After that it analyse whether employee needs any training, transfer, motivation etc. So this method is effective development method. Performance Appraisal Tesco measures the abilities of its employees to check it has the correct skills for the future. After reviewing and career discussion if staffs need training then they can apply for training. Tesco mainly focus on three things Customer, working with other and own behaviour. This will help to select the leader. Decision is taken for giving training or promoting the staff according to the performance audit of the employee. In this step job performance of an employee is evaluated typically by the corresponding manager or supervisor. A performance appraisal is a part of a guiding and managing career development. It is the process of analysing, obtaining and recording information about the relative worth of an employee to the organization. It is also the judgement of an employees performance in a job based on considerations other then productivity alone. There is the long process of evaluating the performance of an employees in Tesco. Managerial team prepare an appraisal sheet where individual employee fills in the form in monthly basis. Which includes the feedback on performance of the employee and then manager analyse the sheet collected from different employee and identify whether training is needed and document the criteria used to allocate organizational reward. It also analyse the personal evaluation and decide whether to improve salary, promotion, disciplinary action, bonus etc. It also provides opportunity for organization to diagnosis and develops in facility provided to the communication facilities between employee and administration. Its main aim is to provide performance through counselling, coaching and development of organization. Methods of Performance Appraisal: A common approach to assessing performance is to use a numerical or scalar rating system whereby managers are asked to score an individual against a number of objectives. In some companies, employees receive assessment from their manager, subordinates and customers while also performing a self assessment. Establishing performance standards: setting up of the stanandards which will be used to as the base to compare the actual performance of the employees. This step requires setting the criteria to judge the peroformance of the employee as succesful or unsuccesful and the degees of theri comtrubution to the organizational goal and objectives. The standards set should be clear, easily understandable and in measurable terms. In case the performance of the employee cannot mesasured, great care should be taken to describe the standards. Establishing performance standards Communicating standards and expectations Measuring the actual performance Comparing with standards Discussing Results Decision making-taking corrective actions Communicating the standards: Once set, it is the responsibility of the management to communicate the standards to all the employees of the organization. The employees should be informed and the standards should be clearly expained. This will help them to understand their roles and to know what exactly is expected form them. The standards should also be communicated to the appraisers or the evaluators and if required, the standards can also be modified at this stage itself according to the relevant feedback from the employees or the evaluators. Measuring the aperformance: it is difficult to measur the work done by the employees during the specified period of time. It is a continuous process which involves monitoring the performance throught the year. This stage requires the careful selection of the appropriate techniques of measurement, taking care that personal bias does not affect the outcome of the process and providing assistance rather than interfaceing in an employees work. Comparing the actula with desired performance: the comparision tells the deviations in the performance of teh employees from the standard set. The result can show the actual performance being more than the desired performance or the actual performance being less than the desired performance depiciting a negative deviation in the organizational perofrmane. It includes recalling, evaluating and analysis of data related to the employees performance. The result of the appraisal is communicated and discussed with the employees on one to one basis. The focus of this discussion is on communication and listening. The results, the problems and the possible solutions are discussed with tha aim of problem solving and reaching conssensus. The feedback should be given with a positive attitude as this can have an effect on the employees future performance. The pressure of teh metting should be to solve the problem faced and motivate the employees to perform better. The last step of the process is to take decisions which can be taken either to improve the performance of the employees, takes the required corrctive actions, or the related HR decisions lile rewards, promotions, demotions, transfers etc. Conclusion: Tesco  is a succesful organization in UK. They have incresase market share and retails unit over the last five year. Their model of HR is strong and highly practiced and highly commited. Their main focus on the training issues and also on vital to the success of the organisation, without commitment, it would amount to a wsate of resources. The entire organisation is involven in training and is offered to all levels within the organisation.Give good training and development of its employees is necessary for Tesco to continue its work and sustain in the world as a world leading retailer. It uses same approach with both existing and new employees. This ensure the staff of this comapay have right skills to provide a strong base to support future growth of the business.

A Dolls House: Nora Essay -- A Dolls House Essays

AN  ANALYSIS  OF  NORA, THE MEN IN HER LIFE, AND  HER  NAVIGATATION  TO INDEPENDENCE The  play,  A  Doll  House,  written  by  Henrik  Ibsen  in  1879,  is  considered  a   landmark  in  drama  for  its  portrayal  of  realistic  people,  places,  and  situations.  Ibsen   confines  his  story  to  the  middle  class.  He  writes  of  a  society  that  is limited  not only  by  its  means  of  livelihood  but  also  its  outlook.  Ibsen  portrays  his characters    as  preoccupied  with  work  and  money, showing a reduction of values  in  and that lack of quality persons with morals.  Ibsen  takes  this  realistic  story  and  invests  it  with   universal  significance.  Wrapped  up  in  the  technique  of  this  well  constructed   play, Ibsen  is masterful  in  his  presentation  of  not  only  realism,  but he  holds  a  mirror  up   to the  society  of his day by  using  the male  figures  as  catalysts  for  Nora's  ultimate   knowledge  of  self-actualization.  He  accomplishes  this  with  such  precision that  the  audience  might  not  be  aware  all  the  subtleties  that  are  creating  their theatrical  experience.  Ã‚   In  A Doll House,  Nora  forges  the  name  of  her  father  and  risks  damaging  her   husband's  good  name.  Ã‚  Henrik  Ibsen  offers  remarkable  insight  into  the  nineteenth   century  preoccupation  with  the  family  and  the  role  of  the  father, and what role is projected upon those who are subjugated to him.  This  play  takes  up  the  subject  of   strong  women  and  weak  men within the plot. A  prominent  theme  within  this  drama   is  the  deterioration  of  the  male,  who is aware  of  his  role  as  a  "father  figure". This decomposition is observed by the female protagonist (Nora). It is this descent that the role of the father figure is shaped, while creating the  catalyst  for the catharsis or  change  in  Nora.     When  the  female  protagonist  challenges  patriarchal  authority,  she  does  so   by  undermining  in  one  form  or  another  both  the  dominant  male  and  his  family  name. The  following  analysis  focuses  on  Nora's  ultimate  realization  that  she  must  be  an   emancipated  person  to  be  her  true  self.  Her  navigation  through  the  elements  of   crises  are  focused  through  the  father-figures  in  her  life.  The  journey  towards  her   self-actualization  and  rising  freedom  can be found  within  her  relationships  with   the  men  in  her  life.  This  ultimately  identifies  the  relevant  thematic  elements   that  are  pivo... ...he  chooses  instead  to  see   herself  as  someone  in  process,  in  a  state  of  becoming,  rather  than  of having  defined   being.  Nora  discovers  that  because  her  own  signature  had  no  value,  she  had  to  take   the  name  of  the  dead/absent  father. Eventually  realizing  that  she  cannot  escape  the   ghost  or  the  name  of  the  absent  husband/father.  Ã‚   Thus, through Nora’s association and interaction with her father figures she, in a broader sense,  hints  at  the possibility  of  a  new dynamic for the family and society as a whole. A time in which the person, no matter the gender, is allowed to sign for him or herself rather, than use the name of an father. In  A Doll House  Nora  discovers  herself  disenfranchised  and  disembodied  by  her   father's/husband's  name.  This only occurs by virtue of her inner resolve and the inherit flaws Ibsen has given to the male characters of the play. She finally  rejects   both her father and husband  and  affirms her ambition to  write  her  own  destiny. Works Cited Ibsen, Henrik. A Doll House . Drama: A HarperCollins Pocket Anthology. ed. R. S. Gwynn. New York: HarperCollins. 1993. 153-212.

How to Write a Poem About Lacrosse Essay

The general purpose of this speech is to demonstrate. The specific purpose is to show how to shoot a lacrosse ball, catch a lacrosse ball and cradle the lacrosse ball. I am going to show you the proper way to shoot the ball, the right way to catch the ball and the correct way cradle the ball. Everyone chill-lax, i’m going to tell you about lax. I am the best person to give this speech because I have played lacrosse almost all my life and I am very good at it. This demonstration will be useful to you because if you ever want to try lacrosse, you will know some of the basics. The first part of lacrosse I am going to tell you about is how to shoot the ball. There are three main points on how to shoot the lax ball. The first is to keep your elbows and hands out and away because you can get more power on the ball. Also it helps you aim the ball more precisely and hit the corners of the goal. Second is to take a big drop step and twist your hips is to create more power on your shoot. Lastly you need to follow through your swing. It’s just like in basketball and how you need yo follow through on your shoot or in soccer and how you need to follow through on your kick. Another part important part of lax is how to catch the ball because if you can’t catch the ball you can’t really score. The most important part of catching the ball is keeping your hands in front of your body. If you do this you can catch the ball from almost anywhere. How you actually receive the ball is another crucial technique. When the ball is going into your stick, you need to bring the stick towards you so the ball won’t pop out. If you just keep your stick out there the ball will hit your mesh and fly out of your head. The last thing I am going to tell you about is how to cradle the ball. If you cannot cradle the ball, when you are trying to move down the field, you will get the ball knocked out and taking away. A way to not let that happen is to bring your stick up strongly and bring it down strongly.

United States Court Systems

United States Court Systems Free Online Research Papers The United States Court Systems CJA/500 Survey of Justice and Security In the United States you will find two major court systems. They are the â€Å"State Court System† and the â€Å"Federal Court System.† The Federal Court System acts as an older brother to the state court system as federal law trumps state law. However, generally speaking it’s pretty easy to establish which system a case will proceed through. If the charges are bases on state laws, then the case proceeds through the State Court System. If the charges are based on federal laws, then the case proceeds through the Federal Court System. Even using this common sense interpretation, debate still occurs on jurisdiction. The systems parallel in many ways, but individually still maintain unique roles in America. State Court System The State Court System usually reflects a three tier model (Adler, Mueller, and Laufer, 2009). Starting at the bottom level of the model you have the courts of limited jurisdiction. Next are the courts of general jurisdiction, and finally at the top level you have the courts of last resort. Limited jurisdiction refers to the courts that have specific jurisdiction over specific types of misdemeanor cases such as traffic law violations, health law violations, civil suits, and minor criminal cases (Adler, Mueller, and Laufer, 2009). These courts include Magistrate Courts, Municipal Courts, Police Courts, Justice Courts, District Courts, Juvenile Courts, City Courts, and Small Claims Courts. The second level of courts in the State Court System are the trial courts of general jurisdiction. General jurisdiction courts are not limited to specific types of cases, but on the contrary have jurisdiction over all civil and criminal cases in the region or district they are given (Adler, Mueller, and Laufer, 2009). These courts include Superior Courts, District Courts, Circuit Courts, Court of General Sessions, and Court of Common Pleas – most popular are the Superior Courts. These courts also use juries on many accounts, and they also handle some limited jurisdiction appeal cases. An interesting model possibly to be used in other states eventually is the new system California now uses. In 1998, California began what eventually was accepted by all counties in the state, to unify their limited and general jurisdiction courts into one system of Superior Courts with general jurisdiction over all cases (California Courts, 2009). The third and final level of the courts in the State Court System are the courts of last resort. These courts include Court of Appeals, Supreme Court, and Supreme Judicial Court. Most states use a model that includes a single intermediate appellate court, and then a supreme court as the last resort (Adler, Mueller, and Laufer, 2009). This helps to filter the cases. Another way is their ability to choose which cases. These cases are known as discretionary cases. Other cases that are debated on an error of law are mandatory to be taken by the appellate and supreme state courts. They are call mandatory appeals. Ruling over all the cases in a state supreme court are five to nine justices. Federal Court System The federal court system is also made up of three levels which are the U.S. District Courts, the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, and finally the United States Supreme Court. First are the U.S. District Courts who act as the main guardians and gatekeepers of the federal law (U.S. Courts: Federal, 2009). They have jurisdiction over almost every category of federal cases primarily civil and criminal subject matter (U.S. Courts: District, 2009). The two main exceptions to this jurisdiction are The Court of International Trade and The United States Court of Federal Claims. These two courts have jurisdiction on all cases mainly pertaining to international trade, customs issues, money claims regarding the United States, and property claims regarding the United States (U.S. Courts: District, 2009). U.S. District courts are found in 94 U.S. districts including the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, and many other places of the continent (U.S. Courts: District, 2009). U.S. District Courts even handle bankruptcy cases in their broad spectrum of jurisdiction. Whatever the case though, in order for the case to be taken into federal court and heard it must meet the subject matter jurisdiction. The three options of meeting this requirement include diversity jurisdiction, federal question jurisdiction, and supplemental jurisdiction. After deciding subject matter jurisdiction, the venue or appropriate district is then decided and a case becomes a federal case in a federal district court. The U.S. Courts of Appeals make up the second level of the Federal Court System. There are 12 regional circuits over the 94 federal districts. The federal appellate courts handle all federal appeals that go past the district courts within their regions (U.S. Courts: Appeals, 2009). The U.S. Supreme Court makes up the highest court level in the entire United States of America. It is made up of eight associate judges led by the Chief Justice of the United States. The U.S. Supreme Court takes on a certain amount of cases each year. If a case meets guideline requirements set by congress, once it leaves federal and state courts the Supreme Court can choose to hear it (U.S. Courts: Supreme, 2009). They usually choose the cases that involve very important controversies over the Federal Law, and most importantly the U.S. Constitution. Referencesa U.S. Courts. (2009). United States Supreme Court. Retrieved August 5, 2009, from uscourts.gov/supremecourt.html U.S. Courts. (2009). About U.S. Federal Courts. Retrieved August 5, 2009, from uscourts.gov/about.html U.S. Courts. (2009). United States District Courts. Retrieved August 5, 2009, from uscourts.gov/districtcourts.html U.S. Courts. (2009). United States Courts of Appeals. Retrieved August 5, 2009, from uscourts.gov/courtsofappeals.html California Courts. (2009). Courts. Retrieved August 5, 2009, from courtinfo.ca.gov/courts/trial/about.htm Adler, Freda., Mueller, Gerhard O.W., Laufer, William S. (2009). Criminal Justice. An Introduction (5th ed.): Mcgraw-Hill. Research Papers on United States Court SystemsPETSTEL analysis of IndiaCapital PunishmentThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationQuebec and CanadaThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UsePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Incorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Harriet Essays - Interpersonal Relationships, Intimate Relationship

Harriet Essays - Interpersonal Relationships, Intimate Relationship Harriet DEAR READER: Opposites do attract. Differences can draw us like a magnet to the other person. These same differences, however, may repel us later on. What initially attracts us and what later becomes the problem are usually one and the same. How does this work? If John feels a bit allergic to the high degree of togetherness and emotionality in his Italian-American family, he may be especially drawn to a woman like you, who models a position of emotional detachment and separateness. If you, for your part, are a bit allergic to the distance and reserve in your WASP family, you may be attracted to John's emotional and expressive style. But five years from now, he may complain that you're too cool and distant, and you may complain that he's too involved with his demanding family. Am I predicting a gloomy future for your marriage? Of course not. Dealing with differences is the central challenge in any intimate relationship. Some differences are bound to make us feel angry, isolated, or anxious at times; but it's important to keep in mind that differences are the only way we learn. If our intimate relationships were composed only of people identical to ourselves, our personal growth would come to an abrupt halt. What matters is that you and John love and respect each other. Along with your differences, I trust that you share important commonalties. Marriage works best when partners share deeply held beliefs and core values. But in any close relationship, differences will inevitably emergedifferences in our values, beliefs, priorities, and habits, as well as in how we manage anxiety and navigate family relationships. Talk openly with John about how your different ethnic backgrounds may shape your marriage. Relationships get into trouble whenever we deny differences (or exaggerate them, for that matter) or whenever we assume that our view of realityor our way of being in the worldis the only correct one. Respecting differences is the greatest and most difficult of all human challenges DEAR HARRIET: My sexist husband and I have different views about rearing our son, who is 4 years old. I want my son to be able to cry and express his feminine Bibliography Italian-American family

Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1967 (OSHA) Research Paper Essay

Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1967 (OSHA) Research Paper - Essay Example The study is all about the OSHA of 1967. The research will highlight the purpose of the law. Moreover, it the study will reveal the requirement of the law. The study will discuss about the application and effect of this law in the organizations. In order to clear the concept of the readers, the study has provided important case example and issues associated with the case. Finally the study will summarize the whole research and provide a recommendation plan. Analysis History In US, the DOSH under the Human Resource Ministry has ensured that the health, welfare and safety of the employees in both private and public sector should be upheld. DOSH has enforced machinery act in 1967. It is under the OSHA act. OSHA officially formed in the year 1971. The act has become effective. Due to this act the employers are bound to provide safety and health benefits to the employees. Several Facts about the Act Hazards can affect the work environment of several workplaces and organizations. Several c alamities and accidents, such as falling objects, sharp edges, noise, chemical and flying sparks can create a dangerous situation. Controlling the accidents and hazards is the best possible way to protect the employees within an organization. OSHA requires employers should have these controlling elements in order to protect the employees from the hazards and injuries in workplace (OSHA, 2003). According to the act, employers should provide PPE to their employees when the administrative and workplace controls are not feasible. The following controlling and management process will help both the employees and employers of an organization. Realize several types of PPE. Workplace hazard assessment needs to be conducted. Appropriate PPE should be selected for various circumstances. Appropriate training program and proper utilization of PPE need to be realized depending upon the specific situations. In order to ensure the best possible protection for the employees in an organization, the e mployers and employees need to execute collaborative and co-operative efforts. This will help them to establish and maintain a healthy and safe work environment. The followings are the recommended roles of both employers and employees. Employers should perform a hazard assessment of the organization’s workplace. It will help them to identify and control. Employers should provide training to use and take care of PPE. Employers should identify and offer useful PPE for employees. Employers should review periodically, update and evaluate the significance and effectiveness of the programs related to PPE. Employees should attend the training programs in regular basis. Moreover, they need to take care and maintain a PPE. Employees should inform the supervisors to replace the affected materials and PPE. This occupational safety and health program also protects employers, family members, co-workers and other who can be affected due to inadequate workplace environment. Occupational saf ety and health law is important for legal, financial and moral reasons. Critical Thinking, Elaboration and Discussion The OSHA act was developed in order to provide the employees a healthy and safe working environment in USA. This OSHA is an administrative body that is administered through the Labor Department. Application for HR professional, Managers and Employers Generally

Tort and Regulatory Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tort and Regulatory Risk - Essay Example That is, regardless of whether or not they are actually culpable of the violation in question, and regardless in this case whether the plaintiff even has a case. No organization wants to fight to maintain a reputation in the public arena, and as is commonly understood, the resolution of a lawsuit such as the one leveled by Kelly Bates can often take at least a decade to resolve. Torts and Risks are primarily associated with the non-compliance with the 'Clean Water Act' (1972). In Alumina's case, they have had a pretty solid practice of compliance following a problem in the past that they both corrected, and implemented policies and procedures to prevent such an incident re-occurring. Complying with the Clean Water Act can most adequately be understood in a basic legal positivistic framework, that is, one is either complying with the standards established by the Act or they are not. Prevention, Detection & Correction: A preventative approach is one that implements a Quality Assurance procedure of testing with a regularity that can anticipate any corrective measures that need to take place. One of the core strategies that the company in question can take, is to establish a new department that focus' primarily on environmental compliance. A quality assurance team can establish a set of protocols for testing and addressing any problems before they go so far as to negatively impact either the environment or the health of the community. Likewise, prevention is a matter of establishing a set of procedures representing the 'best practices' for that particular emission – are there technologies that can minimize or mitigate the emissions that are at levels that are either harmful or beyond the allowed limit. EPA: The EPA was established by Richard Nixon in 1970 [McMahon, 19] . Currently, it has an operating budget of over $ 10.4 Billion and the current director is Lisa Jackson [http://www.epa.gov ] . This agency of the government is the main or central overseeing body of all environmental regulations in the US.. The division within the agency that is particularly focused on compliance of environmental law and pollution standards is the Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance. It both establishes the regulations and in turn, enforces the compliance along with establishing the protocols and procedures for both – that is both the regulation and enforcement. It is also an agency which provides a significant body of research both on the environment, but also on the legal regulations and public policy pertaining to the environment. Torts & Risks: The main issue regarding tort and risk, is basic non-compliance. Any non-compliance opens up the corporation to litigation or lawsuits because of the basic problem of knowing endangerment. This is a legal issue that falls within the purview of conspiracy charges. Thus, any problems connecting the non-compliance with the regulations overseen and regulated by the EPA are facts that can be used against the organization. In turn, the problems with negligence in legal terms can be quite wide in scope, and of course, any situation of non-compliance lends itself to a lawsuit based on negligence and recklessness in regard to public safety. Prevention, Detection & Correction: As was noted above in relation to the Clean Water Act (1972), an environmental quality assurance

Media And Terrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Media And Terrorism - Research Paper Example Pandalai and Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses (2013) argue that several characteristics make the media to be well suited for terrorist and terrorist activities. One important characteristic that is important for terrorism as related to the media is that it sets the agenda in that the more attention one pays to a certain activity like terror attacks, the more importance and attention the public pays attention to it. Moreover, the way a news item is offered or outlined determines how it will be explained or understood by the target audience or population. It is a matter of fact that terrorists and their terror activities would want to be in the media most probably in a positive way to be seen as fighting for a political, ideological or political cause. The media becomes an important tool for setting and framing this agenda as wanted by the terrorist.  Terrorists adopt the use of the media to set and propagate some of their objectives of terrorism, Whitehead (2013) argues th at terrorists may use the media for purposes of seeking attention, recognition, and legitimacy, which can be achieved through the psychological interaction between them and the media to demoralize enemies. In order to achieve this, terrorists try to gain the attention of the audience to condition their thinking thus creating fear; afterward, they seek for recognition of their motives in order to gain sympathy and respect before using the media to gain quasi-legitimate status to be recognized as important political players. Terrorists participate at several levels in the media either when the media reports a terror attack, when terrorists send their messages through the media or when they have a full control of the media outlet. In the first case, the terrorists carry out an attack and wait to see how the media carries out the story or report it, while the second scenario occurs when those involved in the terror activity send their message to the media after framing their message.

Altruism among humans Essay Example for Free

Altruism among humans Essay This paper presents an examination of the phenomenon of altruism among humans. Altruism is defined as a behaviour that may be to ones advantage but is also to the advantage of others. The questions of why we behave this way or what motivates us to behave in this manner and the relevance to society today are the focus of this paper. Various research and theories has explained why altruistic behaviour is undertaken intentionally in the human world. Introduction We often read or hear about acts of generosity and courage, such as, fund raisers or concerts to  help homeless people, the fostering of a child and sponsoring his or her education, or of volunteers risking their lives to help victims in incidents like September 11 terrorist attack in the United States. We could have donated some money to orphanages or cared for a wounded dog. Such humane acts are defined by Psychologists as altruism (Moghaddam, 1998). Altruistic acts could be unselfish or done for personal gain or egoistic reasons. Indeed in a psychological paradigm, psychologists believe that true altruistic behaviour does not exist (Moghaddam, 1998). But how do we account for the behaviour of Mother Theresa or Mahatma Gandhi and many other unselfish acts of human endeavours? In order to explore this we have to understand the person variable and situational variable motivating the altruistic act (Simons, Kalichman Santrock, 1994). As we are aware behaviour is determined by personal and situational variables. A persons ability to empathise with the needy or to feel responsible for anothers welfare has great impact on altruistic behaviour. Situations influence the strength of the altruistic motivation. Reciprocity and exchange are important aspects of altruism (Simons, Kalichman Santrock, 1994). Humans give and receive from others everywhere. Reciprocity is the basic principle of every religion in the world for example, Judaism, Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism and Islam (Brosnahan, 2003). To act altruistically, requires consciousness and caring, and similarly, pet owners can often cite altruistic behaviour or at least conscious acts of kindness on the part of cats and dogs (Simons, Kalichman Santrock, 1994). Another good example would be the nursing,  profession founded on the notion of helping people, sometimes even at a cost to nurses themselves. There are many ways people show altruism. To explain why we do altruistic acts like volunteering, donating or raising funds, we need to distinguish between four different forms of altruism which are observed in humans that shown towards kin, a partner, a friend, and individual who does not fit into these categories (http://www. theunityofknowledge. org/the_evolution_of_altruism/introduction. htm, 2003) Of the several types of altruism a main focus has been on heroic altruism (Moghaddam, 1998). It is a short term intervention requiring physical action and tends to fit more the masculine gender. On the other hand Nurturant altruism requires more patience, listening and a caring attitude with long term involvement. This more closely fits the image of the traditional feminine gender (Moghaddam, 1998). The Bystander effect greatly influences helping behaviour, because of common ignorance of bystanders and assumptions about other bystanders actions. Each persons scope of responsibilities can decrease in the presence of others ( Moghaddam, 1998). In  order for Bystander to help he or she has to posses social skills to interpret the situation and take appropriate actions (Moghaddam, 1998). Initially from a theoretical perspective if a person knows how to overcome obstacles to he or she giving help, subsequently other people start questioning whether the helping behaviour was true altruism (Moghaddam, 1998). A later there was a theory of Daniel Batson empathy-altruism, believes that people help out of a genuine desire(Moghaddam, 1998). Other theories propose that altruistic behaviour is egoistic and put the hypothesis that helping behaviour is a way to  repair a helpers image (Moghaddam, 1998). Methodology An interview was conducted with a woman who volunteers her services with meals on wheels and has done nearly sixteen years. She is a retired school teacher living alone. I assumed that her altruistic behaviour had a self fulfilling motive. Therefore I chose her and I wanted to clarify or confirm my assumption. In order to facilitate my focus interviewee was given ten questions asking about her volunteering profile, and her motivating factors. This interview created awareness of other influencing factors motivating her altruistic behaviour.

Israeli Etgar Keret’s The Bus Driver Who Wanted to be God, and Iranian

Abstract Colonization most assuredly produced altered states of consciousness, in which the fundamental sense of â€Å"rightness† was understood to be subjective and culturally constructed, rather than naturally true. In conjunction with this realization came the idea that identity is not something personally owned, but rather, something inscribed upon a body or culture by an agent of power. In this case, identities were projected onto the natives by the imperialists. The colonial enterprise, particularly the European imperialist projects in the east, has forever changed concepts of identity, otherness, and power in both the Occident and the Orient. Both sides were indisputably and irrevocably altered; however, the effect upon native cultures (the colonized) was far greater than the effect on the imperial cultures (the colonizers). European colonizers were able to cherry-pick the greatest parts of â€Å"new† culture—their art, their music, their architecture, or their cuisine—and adopt or adapt it to modern imperial life. In many ways, the cultural practices and artifacts of a newly colonized civilization were treated like the natural resources (oil, silk, spice) the Europeans were there to gather: they mattered only in their usefulness to the empire. Unlike their imperial counterparts, however, the native peoples had no choice which customs and practices to adopt, and which to discard. The sheer military might and natur e of the colonial enterprise demanded that the colonized completely adapt to the social and cultural norms of the empire. In essence, then, the colonized were forced to lead a life of double consciousness, wherein they participated in customs and practices and obeyed laws and regulations in which they did ... ...periences with Western ideology, Etgar Keret and Marjane Satrapi offers methods for claiming identity that do not revolve around blind attempts to return to cultural roots. Works Cited Ghanem, Mary, and Jihad Makhoul. "Displaced Arab Families: Mothers' Voices on Living and Coping in Postwar Beirut." Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 5.3 (2009): 54-72. Web. 10 Dec 2009. Keret, Etgar. The Bus Driver Who Wanted to be God. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2001. Print. Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York: Random House, 1978. Print. Satrapi, Marjane. The Complete Persepolis. New York: Pantheon, 2003. Print. Troen, S. Ilan. "Frontier Myths and Their Applications in America and Israel: A Transnational Perspective." Journal of American History 86.3 (1999): 55 paragraphs. Web. 10 Dec 2009. . Israeli Etgar Keret’s The Bus Driver Who Wanted to be God, and Iranian Abstract Colonization most assuredly produced altered states of consciousness, in which the fundamental sense of â€Å"rightness† was understood to be subjective and culturally constructed, rather than naturally true. In conjunction with this realization came the idea that identity is not something personally owned, but rather, something inscribed upon a body or culture by an agent of power. In this case, identities were projected onto the natives by the imperialists. The colonial enterprise, particularly the European imperialist projects in the east, has forever changed concepts of identity, otherness, and power in both the Occident and the Orient. Both sides were indisputably and irrevocably altered; however, the effect upon native cultures (the colonized) was far greater than the effect on the imperial cultures (the colonizers). European colonizers were able to cherry-pick the greatest parts of â€Å"new† culture—their art, their music, their architecture, or their cuisine—and adopt or adapt it to modern imperial life. In many ways, the cultural practices and artifacts of a newly colonized civilization were treated like the natural resources (oil, silk, spice) the Europeans were there to gather: they mattered only in their usefulness to the empire. Unlike their imperial counterparts, however, the native peoples had no choice which customs and practices to adopt, and which to discard. The sheer military might and natur e of the colonial enterprise demanded that the colonized completely adapt to the social and cultural norms of the empire. In essence, then, the colonized were forced to lead a life of double consciousness, wherein they participated in customs and practices and obeyed laws and regulations in which they did ... ...periences with Western ideology, Etgar Keret and Marjane Satrapi offers methods for claiming identity that do not revolve around blind attempts to return to cultural roots. Works Cited Ghanem, Mary, and Jihad Makhoul. "Displaced Arab Families: Mothers' Voices on Living and Coping in Postwar Beirut." Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 5.3 (2009): 54-72. Web. 10 Dec 2009. Keret, Etgar. The Bus Driver Who Wanted to be God. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2001. Print. Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York: Random House, 1978. Print. Satrapi, Marjane. The Complete Persepolis. New York: Pantheon, 2003. Print. Troen, S. Ilan. "Frontier Myths and Their Applications in America and Israel: A Transnational Perspective." Journal of American History 86.3 (1999): 55 paragraphs. Web. 10 Dec 2009. .